Age pyramid. Analysis of the age and sex pyramid of Russia Age and sex pyramid of the Russian Federation

29.04.2021

The age structure is described using groupings and relative indicators. Most often, the age groups are one-year and five-year-old, but depending on the purposes of the analysis, other groupings are possible.

With one-year grouping, people of the same age or year of birth are combined into one group. The distribution of people into one-year age groups provides the best opportunities for analyzing the state and changes in the age structure. However, data on the age structure in the one-year group are subject to the deforming influence of such a phenomenon as age accumulation. Many people don't give of great importance indicating their age accurately, and in the past many did not know their exact age, so they indicated it approximately during the population census, with rounding.

To analyze the sex and age composition, a graphical method is also used. In the latter, sex-age pyramids are especially often used, which are a graphical representation of the distribution of the population by age and sex. Typically, pyramids are built according to one-year or five-year age groups. An age-sex pyramid is a diagram in which the number (or proportion of the population) of people of each age is depicted as a horizontal bar of a certain scale. Age groups are plotted along the ordinate axis, and the number or proportion of the population of the corresponding age is plotted along the abscissa axis. From the ordinate axis, scale bars are laid in two directions - to the left for men, to the right for women. Based on the characteristics of the age-sex pyramid, protrusions or deformations of its segments, one can judge the influence of fertility and mortality processes on the age structure of the population over many decades, as well as future trends in population reproduction and possible prospects for changes in its size. Let's take a look at the example (Figure 2.2):

Figure 2.2 Age and sex pyramid of Russia according to the 2002 and 1989 censuses

Analyzing this age-sex pyramid, we can draw the following conclusion: at birth, the proportion of boys and girls is approximately equal, and by older age (pensioners), the number of women increases.

Unlike fertility, the fall of which manifests itself in the age structure in the form of depressions, mortality leaves its mark on the pyramid only in the form of gender disproportion and general form its configuration. The gender disproportion is clearly noticeable only at older ages. At the age of over 35 years, the numerical superiority of women is already noticeable.

The modern sex-age pyramid of the Russian population was formed under the influence of two groups of factors: evolutionary changes as a consequence of a natural decrease in mortality and fertility in the process of demographic transition and perturbation effects associated with economic and social upheavals, which were so rich in the history of Russia in the twentieth century. If there were no such perturbative influences, the contour of the pyramid would change gradually, reflecting the process of population aging typical for the period of demographic transition: the base of the pyramid would become increasingly narrow, its upper part would become increasingly wider, the ratio of the male and female parts of the pyramid would not undergo large changes. changes, and its edges would remain smooth.

Figure 2.3 Sex and age pyramid of Russia, 2009

In fact, the Russian gender and age pyramid in the second half of the twentieth century was characterized by deformed, torn edges and very strong asymmetry of the male and female parts of the pyramid. This is precisely where the effect of the perturbative factors of Russian history was reflected.

Although the consequences of the most severe social catastrophes that occurred in the first half of the twentieth century are gradually “forgotten” by the age-sex pyramid, their traces are still very noticeable on the 2002 pyramid, where the consequences of the social upheavals of the 1990s were added to them. A comparison of the pyramids of 1989 and 2002 allows one to judge the general nature of changes in the age and sex composition of the Russian population over the last intercensal period.

It is also true that in Russia, unfortunately, the male “super-mortality rate” in working ages is very high. However, the interpretation of the huge “female advantage” as a consequence of the economic and political reforms of the 90s has nothing to do with reality. Over the past decade, the sex ratio in the Russian population has become better, not worse.

The main reason for the Russian “female advantage” is the Second World War and the associated huge losses of male generations. Naturally, as the war recedes into the past, the sex ratio levels out.

Thus, an improvement in the sex ratio in older ages is clear evidence that the influence of social upheavals and, above all, wars on this ratio is losing its significance. In middle age, the unfavorable ratio is undoubtedly a consequence of the excess mortality of men in peacetime. However, it is this ratio that has not changed or changed slightly over the past ten years (in the city it has improved slightly, in the countryside it has worsened slightly), which once again indicates the compensatory nature of the dynamics of mortality rates during this period.

For more detailed information on the age-sex structure and changes in age-sex pyramids (see Appendix 2).

When analyzing the age-sex pyramid, it is possible to determine the type of age structure of the population of the territory or settlement. There are usually three types of population age structures:

· young population - a wide base of the pyramid, sharply tapering upward - a progressive type of age structure (Fig. 2.a);
· aged population - the pyramid narrows gradually from the base and only sharply at the top, in fact it has the shape of a trapezoid or even a rectangle - a stationary type of age structure of the population (Fig. 2.b);
· very old declining population - the pyramid expands from the base upward and only at the top (in the oldest age groups) sharply narrows - a regressive type of age structure of the population (Fig. 2.c).

In accordance with three types of age structure, population reproduction modes can be distinguished:

· expanded reproduction - in each next generation there are more people than in the previous one: the population is growing rapidly (typical of most modern developing countries of the world);
· simple reproduction - in subsequent generations there are approximately the same number of people as in previous ones; the population size, as a rule, remains almost unchanged (typical of some developing and developed countries);
· narrowed reproduction - there are fewer people in subsequent generations than in previous ones; The population is declining (typical for most developed European countries, including Russia).

Correspondence between the reproduction regime and population dynamics will be observed in a specific territory in the absence of significant external migration flows. With intensive emigration (departure of the population), the number may decrease even with expanded reproduction. With significant immigration (arrival), the population, on the contrary, can grow even with reduced reproduction.

Also, quite important is the calculation of the demographic load (the ratio of the working population, on the one hand, and the non-working (children and old people) on the other). Let's take a look at the dependency ratio (Table 2.3):

Table 2.3 Dependency ratio

To dem.load = LNV/ S * 1000, %

where: LNV - number of people of disabled age;

S - population size.

To dem.load2002 = 591/943*1000 = 626.7%o

To dem.load2001 = 604/947*1000 = 637.8%o

To dem.heat2002m.t.v. = 368/943 * 1000 =388.6%o

To dem.heat2001m.t.v. = 323/947 * 1000 = 341.08%o

To dem.heat2002s.t.v. = 317/943*1000 = 336.2%o

To dem.heat2001s.t.v = 321/947 * 1000 =338.97%o

AGE PYRAMID

AGE PYRAMID, age pyramid, age-sex pyramid, graphic. image of the distribution of people by age and gender. It is a two-way directional diagram showing the number of people of each age and gender or their share in us. depicted by a horizontal stripe. scale. The stripes are located one above the other in order of increasing age values, usually from 0 to 100 years, on the left for men, on the right for women. Because the number of people tends to be smaller due to mortality at older ages, the image for the full set of ages is shaped like a pyramid.

V. p. is usually built according to data from censuses or surveys of us. by one-year or 5-year age groups so that the area of the steps of the pyramid corresponds to the number of people (thousands) of each age and gender or, when making comparisons, their share in us. (%). The length of the step corresponds to the density of a given age group, i.e., the number of people per unit of age. If the initial data on the age structure are presented in unequal age intervals, then for larger groups the length of the steps of the senior age is determined by dividing the number of people in the group by the length of the interval, expressed in age units accepted for the entire senior age. Thus, when constructing the V. item for 5-year groups of numbers. The 6-year age group should be divided into 6/8, and the 10-year age group into 2. If the older age group includes people, for example, 70 years and older, then this interval is considered to extend to 100 years, i.e. . is equal to 30 years, but it does not show cf for every 5 years. density (which can be obtained by dividing the number of groups by 6), and uniformly decreases to zero by the age of 100 years. V.p. depicts the age-sex structure of us. at one time or another, i.e., it records a certain state during the continuous process of population reproduction. Compare. The length of the steps from the oldest ages (people born long ago) to the youngest (those born recently) gives an idea of the influence on our age composition. processes of fertility and mortality over time. time, as well as the influence of the current at this moment

age composition on our growth prospects. In the beginning. 1930s the concept of three types of age structure of the population was introduced, to which the Crimea corresponds to the forms of V. p.: in the young us. it has the shape of a regular pyramid, as we have aged. - the shape of a bell, in the very old - the shape of an urn (see Fig. 1), and, other things being equal, determines the rapid growth, slow growth or decline of us. If us. and the population reproduction regime, i.e., birth and death rates, were not experienced by s.-l. ext. disturbing influences, then the V. region has relatively smooth edges, and with a long-term high level of birth rate and a relatively high level of death rate, it has a wide base and a narrow top (for example, the population of Mexico, see Fig. 2), and with fertility and mortality - a narrow base and a wide top (for example, the population of Sweden, see Fig. 3). These two V. items correspond to the types of age structure of a growing and almost stationary population, and the second clearly reflects the process of aging of the population, and in addition, a decrease in the birth rate in the 30s and 40s. 20th century and the “demographic echo” of this phenomenon. Distribution of us. shown in Fig. 2 and 3 as a percentage, and therefore V. items are completely comparable, although us. Mexico in 1970 was 48 million, and us. Sweden - 8 million

Under the influence of violations in number. and the age structure of us. or in the intensity of its reproduction, caused, for example, by war, leading to a drop in the birth rate and a decline in men of conscription age, or constant immigration, which usually increases the number of men of working age, the edges of the military sector become uneven, on them previous changes in the nature of our growth and loss are reflected. Such violations leave traces in our age structure for a long time.

For example, on V. p. us. GDR as of December 31, 1970 (see Fig. 4) clearly visible traces of a sharp decline in the birth rate and accordingly. numbers of people born during the 1st World War 1914-18 (1) during the years of the economy, the crisis of 1929-33 in the pre-war. Germany (3) and during the 2nd World War 1939-45, unleashed by Nazi Germany (4), as well as traces of the losses of adult men in the military. years (2). The “predominance” of the number of women over the number of men over the age of 70 is caused not only by the death of men during the war, but also by their higher mortality in peacetime. The “demographic echo” of the decline in fertility can be traced across generations: smaller generations born in 1930-33 (at the end of 1970 they were aged 37-40 years), having reached reproductive age, gave birth to relatively fewer children (at the end of 1970 these children was 11-15 years old) than neighboring generations. More means. The flaw is shown by the generations born in 1941-46 (at the end of 1970 they were 23-28 years old): the narrowing base of the pyramid (ages 0-5 years) is a consequence of the small number of births to a small number of parents belonging to these generations (5). The "preponderance" of the number of men at younger ages is explained by the predominance of children of men. gender among births (see). This advantage persists until almost 40 years of age, despite the higher mortality rate among men. Thus, the analysis of V. makes it possible to clearly characterize the sources of deformations in the age structure of us.

Rice. 4. Age pyramid of the population of the GDR as of December 31, 1970: 1 - shortage of births in 1914-1918; 2 - military losses of men in 1939-1945; 3 - shortage of births in 1929-1933; 4 - shortage of births in 1939-1945; 5 - “demographic echo” of the shortage of births in 1939-1945.

V.p. superimposed on each other according to two censuses of us. (the difference in the length of each stage should be clearly indicated) show shifts in the age-sex structure, caused by the fact that in different years different generations are at the same ages, the number of which can also be different. For example... V. p. us. USSR for 1926 and 1970 (see Fig. 5) illustrate the war-caused disturbances in the sex ratio and the decline in the birth rate during the war. years and their consequences in the beginning. 70s Thus, V. makes the demographic forecast easier. It is indicative to compare vertical structures also in space, for example, pyramids for mountains. and sat down. us.: in the village. The area is dominated by children and the elderly, and in the mountains. settlements - us, of working age. V. n, also help to assess the accuracy of census data on age. For example, the extremely long steps of the pyramid at round ages in us. Mexico (see Fig. 2) and too short at adjacent ages indicate that. age-related accumulation.

For the purpose of analysis, V. p. dept. groups of us. - migrants, people with occupations, dept. ethnic groups or us. dept. regions.

V.p. are also used in the study of reproduction. using demographic models. Comparing the outlines of V, p. of the real us. and stationary population or stable population accordingly. reproduction modes, one can clearly imagine the nature of the influence of modern. birth and death rates by age, sex composition and numbers. real us. Such an analysis, looking back to the past, helps to capture the stages of transition from one mode of reproduction to another, to establish the time of such transition in different countries and in different eras.

V. p. for the future allow you to see the differences. demographic options forecasts as for dep. countries, and for groups of countries (for example, economically developed and developing), as well as the world as a whole. Futurologists often resort to the image of V. p. to compare the prospects for changes in the age and sex composition of us. countries with "young" and "old" us. until reaching a state of stationarity.

V. items are also used in economic and demographic studies. studies, where their steps are depicted not in numbers. generation (age group), and the number of people employed in production, the volume (usually in monetary terms) of production and consumption of people at each age or period of their life, time worked, etc. For a conditional generation, such characteristics are obtained by construction of the so-called economic V. p.

Boyarsky A. Ya. Shusherin P. P., Demographic statistics, 2nd ed., M. 1955, Gerchuk Ya P., Graphic. methods in statistics, M. 1968; Valkovich E. Econ. age pyramids, in the book: Marxist-Leninist theory of population, 2nd ed., M. 1974, Kalinyuk I. V. Age structure of us. USSR, M. 1975; Arab-Ogly E. A., Demographic and environmental forecasts, M. 1978.

T. S. Batalina, A. G. Volkov.

Demographic encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Editor-in-Chief D.I. Valentey. 1985 .

See what "AGE PYRAMID" is in other dictionaries:

age pyramid- A graphical representation of the distribution of people by age and sex, in which the number of people of each age and sex, or their proportion in the population, is depicted by horizontal bars of a certain scale. → Fig. 259, p. 563 Syn.: demographic pyramid… Dictionary of Geography

AGE PYRAMID- (population pyramid) A diagram graphically depicting the distribution of the population by age. The youngest and most numerous age groups form a triangle at the base of the pyramid; the oldest and smallest - the small triangle at... ... Dictionary of business terms

AGE PYRAMID- a demography term denoting a graph (histogram) illustrating the age-sex distribution of the population. The vertical axis, starting at age 0, plots age in one-year or five-year age intervals. Last… … Sociology: Encyclopedia

AGE STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION, distribution of us. by age groups and age groups in order to study demographics. and social economic. processes. Characterizing the ratio of age groups, V. s. n. lets give them a comparison. assessment in... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary- a graphical model of age distribution in natural populations, in which the number of individuals or their percentage in age groups is depicted in the form of horizontal rectangles located one above the other. Ecological encyclopedic... ... Ecological dictionary

Glossary of terms on social statistics

AGE (AGE AND SEX) PYRAMID- graphical distribution of the population by age and gender. It is a two-way directional chart in which the number of people of each age and sex, or their proportion in the population, is depicted as a horizontal bar of a certain scale.... ... Social statistics. Dictionary

AGE PYRAMID (AGE AND SEX TRIANGLE)- (from the Greek pyramis polyhedron) English. pyramid, age sex; German Alterspyramide. A graphical representation of the distribution of people by age and gender in the form of a two-way graph, showing the number of people of each age and gender (or their proportion in ... ... Explanatory dictionary of sociology

AGE PYRAMID (age pyramid, age-sex pyramid), a graphic representation of the distribution of people by age and gender. It is a two-way directional chart in which the number of people of each age and sex, or their proportion in the population, is depicted as a horizontal bar of the same scale. The stripes are located one above the other in order of increasing age values, usually from 0 to 100 years, on the left for men, on the right for women. Since, due to mortality, the number of people in older ages tends to be smaller than in younger ones, the image for the full set of ages is shaped like a pyramid.

The age pyramid is usually constructed according to population censuses or surveys for one-year or five-year age groups so that the area of the steps of the pyramid corresponds to the number of people of this age and gender or (for comparisons) their share in the total population. The length of the step corresponds to the density of a given age group, that is, the number of people per unit of age. If the initial data on the age structure are presented in unequal age intervals, then for larger groups the length of the steps of the age pyramid is determined by dividing the number of people in the group by the length of the interval, expressed in age units accepted for the entire age pyramid. If the older age group unites people, for example, 70 years and older, then it is considered that this interval extends to 100 years, that is, equal to 30 years, but for every 5 years it does not depict the average density (as 1/6 of the sum of the numbers of people 70 years and older), and gradually decreases to zero by the age of 100 years.

The age pyramid is useful in analyzing both the history of the population of a country and its regions, and in assessing their future demographic development. It was not without reason that it was called “the chronicle of the natural movement of the population.” In the age structure, one can trace changes in fertility and mortality levels in the past, which is well illustrated by the uneven edges of the pyramid (figure). The pyramid for 2005 clearly shows traces of a decrease in the number of births and an increase in the number of infant deaths during the 1st World War and Civil War, during the famine of 1932-33, a sharp reduction in the number of births during the Great Patriotic War and the “echo” of this reduction about 20 years later. The consequences of the second "echo" of the war were intensified by a sharp decline in the birth rate in the 1990s. The scale of military losses among men is well, although incompletely, illustrated by the “preponderance of women” at the ages of 63-95 years. Other factors are also involved in the formation of these irregularities, although they are not always easy to isolate. The appearance of the age pyramid of individual regions can, for example, be influenced by population migration. The narrowing of the bottom of the age pyramid indicates a very likely decline in future fertility.

from Greek pyramidis - polyhedron) - English. pyramid, age-sex; German Alterspyramide. A graphical representation of the distribution of people by age and gender in the form of a two-way graph, in which the number of people of each age and gender (or their share in the population) is depicted as a horizontal bar of a certain scale.

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Incomplete definition ↓

graphical distribution of the population by age and gender. It is a two-way directional chart in which the number of people of each age and gender, or their proportion in the population, is depicted as a horizontal bar of a certain scale. The stripes are arranged one above the other in order of increasing age, on the left for men, on the right for women. It is usually built according to one-year or five-year age groups. Since there tend to be fewer people in older age groups due to mortality, the full diagram is shaped like a pyramid. The pyramid depicts the age-sex structure of the population at one time or another.

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AGE (AGE AND SEX) PYRAMID

The stripes are arranged one above the other in order of increasing age, on the left for men, on the right for women. It is usually built according to one-year or five-year age groups. Since there tend to be fewer people in older age groups due to mortality, the full diagram is shaped like a pyramid. The pyramid depicts the age-sex structure of the population at one time or another.

Great definition

Incomplete definition ↓

AGE PYRAMID

a demography term meaning a graph (histogram) illustrating the age and sex distribution of a population. The vertical axis, starting at age 0, plots age in one- or five-year age intervals. The last age interval is usually open. The horizontal axis shows either the population size of the corresponding age group, or its share (as a percentage) in the entire population or in the population of a given gender. In this case, the male population is always depicted to the left of the age axis, and the female population to the right. The resulting figure (“pyramid”) clearly depicts the characteristics of the age and sex structure of the population, as well as the history of its changes over a long time.

Great definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Age pyramid

age pyramid, age-sex pyramid) is a method of graphically depicting the distribution of the population by age and gender. An age pyramid is a two-sided directional chart in which the number of people of each age and gender (or their proportion of the population) is depicted as a horizontal bar of the same scale. The bars are arranged sequentially one above the other as age increases (from 0 to 100 years), with the male population shown on the left and the female population on the right. The decrease in population size with age due to mortality leads to the fact that the area of each subsequent stripe is smaller than the previous one, which creates the visual effect of a pyramid. The exception is cases when the population in any age interval is subject to excessive contraction due to extreme factors of mortality (war) or migration. The width of the base of the age pyramid depends entirely on the birth rate (number of births) in the corresponding years, as well as on changes in infant mortality rates. The age pyramid is built according to census data or special surveys for one-year or 5-year age groups, so it represents a static state of the population that has developed as a result of the continuous process of population reproduction. Thus, comparing the sizes of the corresponding age groups of people of one sex or another makes it possible to describe the evolution of fertility and mortality over a long period of time, to identify periods of normal, evolutionary development, as well as periods of crisis, to trace the movement of demographic waves formed as a result of sharp changes in intensity fertility and mortality. On the age pyramid of the population of territories with high migration intensity, calendar periods of time of increase and decrease in the inflow and outflow of the population are clearly visible. The ratio of individual age groups allows us to assess the direction and scale of the influence of existing age proportions on the prospects for reproduction and population growth. In 1894, the Swedish demographer A.-G. Sundberg introduced the concept of types of age structure of the population, differing in the proportions of children (0-15 years) and old people (60 years and older): progressive (children - 40%, old people - 10%), stationary (27% and 23%, respectively), regressive (20% and 30%, respectively). In the early 1930s, the German demographer F. Burgderfer proposed the corresponding types of age pyramid: in the young (progressive) population it has the shape of a regular pyramid, in the aged (stationary) population it has the shape of a bell, in the old (regressive) population it has the shape of an urn. If the population itself and the population reproduction regime were not exposed to extreme external factors for a long time, then the age pyramid has relatively smooth boundaries with smooth transitions from one age group to another. Significant disturbances in the intensity of population reproduction, for example, a fall in the birth rate and an increase in mortality, significant human losses during wars, famines, epidemics, etc., mass emigration or immigration create fluctuations in the number of individual age groups; the sides of the pyramid become uneven, and the depth of the gaps and the length of the protrusions corresponding to certain age groups show in what years and to what extent the evolutionary order of population formation was disrupted. O. ZAKHAROVA

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AGE PYRAMID

If us. and the population reproduction regime, i.e., birth and death rates, were not experienced by s.-l. ext. disturbing influences, then V. has relatively smooth edges, and with long-lasting high levels of fertility and relatively high levels of mortality - a wide base and a narrow top (for example, the population of Mexico, see Fig. 2), and at low levels fertility and mortality - a narrow base and a wide top (for example, the population of Sweden, see Fig. 3). These two V. items correspond to the types of age structure of a growing and almost stationary population, and the second clearly reflects the process of aging of the population, and in addition, a decrease in the birth rate in the 30s and 40s. 20th century and ´demographic. echo of this phenomenon. Distribution of us. shown in Fig. 2 and 3 as a percentage, and therefore V. items are completely comparable, although us. Mexico in 1970 was 48 million, and us. Sweden - 8 million

For example, on V. p. us. GDR as of December 31, 1970 (see Fig. 4) clearly visible traces of a sharp decline in the birth rate and resp. numbers of people born during the 1st World War 1914-18 (1) during the years of the economy, the crisis of 1929-33 in the pre-war. Germany (3) and during the 2nd World War 1939-45, unleashed by Nazi Germany (4), as well as traces of the losses of adult men in the military. years (2). The “preponderance” of the number of women over the number of men over the age of 70 is caused not only by the death of men during the war, but also by their higher mortality in peacetime. The “demographic echo” of the decline in fertility can be traced across generations: smaller generations born in 1930-33 (at the end of 1970 they were aged 37-40 years), having reached reproductive age, gave birth to relatively fewer children (at the end of 1970 these children was 11-15 years old) than neighboring generations. More means. The flaw is shown by the generations born in 1941-46 (at the end of 1970 they were 23-28 years old): the narrowing base of the pyramid (ages 0-5 years) is a consequence of the small number of births to a small number of parents belonging to these generations (5). The “preponderance” of the number of men at younger ages is explained by the predominance of male children. gender among births (see Sex ratio). This advantage persists until almost 40 years of age, despite the higher mortality rate among men. Thus, the analysis of V. makes it possible to clearly characterize the sources of deformations in the age structure of us.

For the purpose of analysis, V. p. dept. groups of us. - migrants, people with occupations, dept. ethnic groups or us. dept. regions.

V.p. are also used in the study of reproduction. using demographic models. Comparing the outlines of V, p. of the real us. and stationary population or stable population accordingly. reproduction modes, one can clearly imagine the nature of the influence of modern. birth and death rates by age, sex composition and numbers. real us. Such an analysis, directed to the past, helps to capture the stages of transition from one mode of reproduction to another, to establish the time of such a transition in different countries and in different eras.

V. p. for the future allow you to see the differences. demographic options forecasts as for dep. countries, and for groups of countries (for example, economically developed and developing), as well as the world as a whole. Futurologists often resort to the image of V. p. to compare the prospects for changes in the age and sex composition of us. countries with “young” and “old” us. until reaching a state of stationarity.

Great definition

Incomplete definition ↓

An age-sex pyramid is a graphical representation of the distribution of people by their gender and age at some point in time. This is a two-sided chart in which the number of people of each age and sex (or their proportion of the population) is depicted as a horizontal bar of the same scale. The stripes are located one above the other in increasing order of age (usually from 1 to 100 years), on the left for men, on the right for women. Age-sex pyramids are constructed based on census and survey data. The area of the steps of the pyramids corresponds to the number of people of a given age and gender or their share in the population (the length of the step corresponds to the density of a given age group - the number of people per unit of age).

When analyzing the pyramid, 2 points are taken into account: Tikhomirova N.P. Demography. Methods of analysis and forecasting. Textbook manual for universities. - M.: Exam, 2205. - 256 p.

1. Comparison pyramid shapes in countries with different demographic regimes . For example, in developing countries, the base of the pyramid is wider as children and youth account for a significant portion of the total population compared to adults and older adults. In developed countries, on the contrary, the base of the pyramid is narrowing, as there is a gradual redistribution of the population in favor of older ages (population aging). In the absence of migration, the shape of the age-sex pyramid depends on fertility and mortality trends.
2. Analysis of the details of the age pyramid: small and numerous generations . The influence of demographic processes (fertility, mortality and migration) on the shape of the age pyramid:
1) The birth rate of some generations may be lower compared to neighboring generations already at birth. For a decrease in the number of births to affect the shape of the pyramid, it must be short-lived, otherwise a “failure” will not appear on the pyramid.
- the number of children born may be affected by a decrease in the birth rate. In some years, women have fewer children on average.
- the number of children born can also be affected by the age structure of potential mothers (in some years there are relatively fewer women in young reproductive ages) or their marriage structure (the number of married potential mothers decreases).
2) Mortality of the Epidemic, death in war of men of military age;
3) Migration

The composition of the population by gender is usually considered together with the age composition as the age-sex composition of the population. This is advisable to do because of the differences in age-specific mortality between men and women. For every 100 girls born in Russia, an average of 105-106 boys are born; it is a biological constant among those born alive. It can be expressed in another way - for every 1000 newborns, there are on average 512 boys and 488 girls. There are certain patterns in the sex of a born child depending on the marital status, age, and living conditions of his parents, especially his mother. Parents who are officially married have more boys, while illegitimate children have more girls. The older the mother and the higher the serial number of births, the lower the proportion of boys among those born. That is, older mothers' youngest children, as a rule, are girls. During periods of difficult living conditions (war, economic crises, etc.) more girls are born. After leaving these difficult living conditions, more boys were born among those born. This is explained by the conditions of gestation and gender differences in intrauterine mortality. It is also necessary to take into account that the biological resistance of men (boys) is lower than that of women (girls); The mortality rate of male embryos and fetuses is also higher, this is especially acutely felt during difficult periods in the life of the country and family. The behavioral factor of the population also affects the sex ratio of newborns. At the end of the 20th century, the practice of prenatal diagnosis of the sex of an unborn child appeared and expanded. The desire of parents to have a child of a certain gender and the use of prenatal diagnostics to a certain extent contribute to the increase in the frequency of induced terminations of pregnancy (abortions). Due to the mortality of men, the ratio of men and women gradually levels out in adulthood, and at older ages the number of men is significantly less than women. Russian statistical yearbook. 2005: Stat. Sat. / Rosstat, 71с.

In 1894, the Swedish statistician and demographer A.-G. Sundberg proposed to distinguish three types of age structures of the population: progressive, stationary and regressive.

· The progressive type is characterized by a high proportion of children and a low proportion of Medkov V.M. Demography. Textbook for universities: additional. m-vom of images. RF.-M.: INFRA-M, 2005, 92 p.. of the older generation in the entire population. Its formation is based on an expanded type of reproduction. The age pyramid has the shape of a triangle, the base of which depends on the birth rate.
· In the stationary type, which is based on a simple type of reproduction, the age pyramid has the shape of a bell with an almost balanced proportion of children and old age groups.
· A narrowed type of reproduction leads to the formation of a regressive type, the age pyramid of which has the shape of an urn. It is characterized by a relatively high proportion of elderly and old people and a low proportion of children.

population gender male female

In accordance with three types of age structure, population reproduction modes can be distinguished: Andreev E., Vishnevsky A., etc. Weekly "Demoscope Weekly" // Russian gender and age pyramid. No. 215 - 216 from September 26 - October 9, 2005, 479 pp..

· expanded reproduction - in each next generation there are more people than in the previous one: the population is growing rapidly (typical of most modern developing countries of the world);
· simple reproduction - in subsequent generations there are approximately the same number of people as in previous ones; the population size, as a rule, remains almost unchanged (typical of some developing and developed countries);
· narrowed reproduction - there are fewer people in subsequent generations than in previous ones; The population is declining (typical for most developed European countries, including Russia).