Nikolai Nikolaevich Elansky. Elansky Sergey Nikolaevich Species composition, population structure, biological characteristics, resistance to fungicides of potato and tomato pathogens. Development of methods for diagnosing phytopathogens
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, leading researcher at the Department of Mycology and Algology of the Biological
faculty
Sergei Nikolaevich Elansky was born in 1971 in Moscow into a family of scientists. In 1994 he graduated from the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. From 1995 to 1998 he studied full-time graduate school at the Department of Mycology and Algology. In 1998, he defended his dissertation on the topic “Populations of the phytopathogenic fungus Phytophthora infestans in Russia” for the degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences, specialty 02/03/12 Mycology. In 2012, he defended his dissertation on the topic “Species composition and population structure of late blight and Alternaria pathogens of potatoes and tomatoes” for the degree of Doctor of Biological Sciences, specialty 02/03/12 Mycology.
From 1999 to 2003 S.N. Elansky worked in the laboratory of fungal diseases of potatoes and vegetable crops of the All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology of the Russian Agricultural Academy as a senior researcher; from 2003 to the present – employee of the Department of Mycology and Algology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University (2003-2016 – senior researcher, from 2016 to present – leading researcher).
S.N. Elansky conducts scientific work in the fields of mycology, phytopathology, and plant protection. He is the author and co-author of more than 120 scientific works, including 10 monographs (co-authored) and 1 textbook for undergraduates. 27 articles written by him (co-authored) are included in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Has 1 patent.
In 1999 S.N. Elansky completed an internship at Cornell University (USA) under the guidance of Professor William Fry (W.E. Fry), one of the world's leading experts in the study of pathogens of potato and tomato diseases. In the 1990s, W.E. Fry served as president of the American Phytopathological Society (APS).
Elansky S.N. actively conducts teaching work: lectures and practical classes in the courses “General and agricultural phytopathology”, “Plant immunity”, “Experimental phytopathology (methods for identifying phytopathogenic objects)”, “Aerobiology” and “Mycology and algology” at the Department of Mycology and Algology of the Faculty of Biology Moscow State University; “Agriculture”, “Resource-saving technologies of agriculture”, “Molecular research methods in agronomy” at the Russian Peoples' Friendship University (RUDN). Under his leadership, 4 candidate dissertations were defended (another 1 was prepared for defense) and 6 theses.
Elansky S.N. – editor-in-chief of the peer-reviewed scientific journal “Protection of Potatoes”, member of the editorial board of the journal “Theoretical and Applied Problems of the Agro-Industrial Complex” included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission; Since 2005, he has been maintaining the website kartofel.org on his own. He is a member of the dissertation council D220.043.04 (at the RSAU Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev) in the specialty “Plant Protection”. Since 2011, he has been a scientific consultant to the Union of Potato and Vegetable Market Participants (Potato Union), and was a scientific consultant to the VTB Venture Fund project for the re-equipment of the Pogar Potato Factory.
In 2009, 2013 and 2017, he was a member of the program committees and the leader of the section “Fungicides and antimycotics” of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th All-Russian Congresses of Mycologists, respectively.
In 2011-2014 S.N. Elansky was a co-chairman (together with the director of VNIIKH, Professor E.A. Simakov and the chairman of the Potato Union, S.N. Lupekhin) of the organizing committees of four annual all-Russian conferences (with international participation) “Genetic and agrotechnological resources for improving the quality of food and industrial potatoes.”
In 2015, together with the Ministry of Agriculture of Crimea, he organized and held the “Crimean Potato Field Day” in the Sovetsky district of Crimea, for which there was gratitude from the administration. For the first time, more than 30 potato varieties of Russian and Belarusian selection were demonstrated to Crimean potato growers.
In 2016, S.N. Elansky was nominated as a candidate for corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Department of Agricultural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the specialty “plant protection and biotechnology” by the Academic Council of the FGBNU VNIIKH named after. A.G. Lorja.
Education
Graduated from the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov in 1994.
In 1998, he defended his dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences in the specialty "Mycology" at the Dissertation Council at the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. Topic: "Phytophthora infestans population structure in Russia."
In 2012, he defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Biological Sciences in the specialty "Mycology" at the Dissertation Council at the Faculty of Biology of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Topic: "Species composition and population structure of late blight and Alternaria pathogens of potatoes and tomatoes."
Scientific interests.
Species composition, population structure, biological characteristics, resistance to fungicides of potato and tomato pathogens. Development of methods for diagnosing phytopathogens.
Selected publications
S.N.Elansky Species composition and population structure of the pathogen th late blight and alternaria blight of potatoes and tomatoes. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Biological Sciences. Moscow. 2012. [pdf, 0.6 Mb]
S. N. Elansky, V. P. Apryshko, D. I. Milyutina, B. E. Kozlovsky Resistance of Russian Strains of Phytophthora infestans to Fungicides Metalaxyl and Dimethomorph//Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin, 2007, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 11-14.[Full text, pdf, in English ]
In total, 2000 P. infestans isolates collected during 1988-2004 in different regions of Russia were tested for resistance to metalaxyl. In the majority of field populations, the frequency of resistant strains decreased after 1993-1994. This might be related to changes in the potato industry in Russia. Potato production was concentrated in small private gardens. The part of resistant strains in populations from small private patches was less than that in large commercial fields. Small private gardens became a great source of sensitive genotypes. In recent years, the part of resistant strains in the majority of field populations was less than 30%. A small number of resistant strains in a population occurs even if there has been no treatment with metalaxyl-containing preparations for a long time. In some populations, the frequency of resistant strains has increased, depending on treatments. Variation in the level of resistance to metalaxyl in one clonal lineage is shown. Resistant strains occurred in potato leaves and tubers, and in tomato leaves. They were rare in tomato fruits. Probably, the sensitive strains affecting fruits have a selective advantage. More than 370 strains from different regions were tested for resistance to dimethomorph-containing preparations. Resistant strains were not detected.
Plyakhnevich M.P., Elansky S.N. Genotypic analysis of Belarusian strains of the causative agent of potato late blight // Second All-Russian Conference "Modern problems of plant immunity to harmful organisms" St. Petersburg, September 29 - October 2, 2008 pp. 79-83 [Full text, pdf, in Russian]
Milyutina D.I. Genotypic composition of populations and resistance to some fungicides of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary strains from the Republic of Mari El and the Moscow region // Abstract of the thesis, Moscow, 2008 (supervisor - S.N. Elansky) [Full text, pdf, in Russian ]
Dyakov Yu.T., Elansky S.N. Population genetics of Phytophthora infestans. In the book: Mycology today. T. 1. Ed. Dyakova Yu.T., Sergeeva Yu.V. M.: National Academy of Mycology, 2007. pp. 107-139. [Full text, pdf, in Russian]
Mechanisms of intrapopulational variability of Phytophthora infestans (mutations, migrations, sexual and asexual recombination, gene introgressions, etc.), as well as physiological (matting type, virulence and resistance to fungicides) and molecular (polymorphism of DNA and proteins) methods of variability research are reviewed. Also structure of populations in different regions, genotypic structure of populations during the vegetation season and under the influence of cultivars, different fungicides, and host-plant (tomato or potato) are considered.
V.N. Zeiruk, K.A. Pshechenkov, S.N. Elansky, O.N. Davydenkova, S.V. Maltsev Influence of potato growth and storage conditions on the quality of fresh table potato and potato products in the central part of Russia // Potato production and innovative technologies. Ed.: A.J. Haverkort, B.V. Anisimov. Wageningen Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 2007. Pp. 130-135.[Full text, pdf, in English]
Twelve potato cultivars with different maturing times (early (Zhukovskiy ranniy, Skoroplodniy, Udacha), mid-early (Belosnezhka, Iliynskiy, Nevskiy, Effect, Bronnickiy, Golubizna), and middle-late (Belousovskiy, Malinovka, Osen)), recommended for central Russia, have been selected by Potato Research Institute and North-Western Agricultural Research Institute and tested for their yield, quality and suitability for processing (production of potato chips and dried potato mash). The cultivars tested differ in the reaction for reconditioning and blanching. The treatment with Maxim, Kolfugo super, Vist (fumigant), and Spraut Stop preparations provided an improvement of the keeping quality, future yield, and decrease of the reducing sugars content. For the central Russia, characterizing by sod-podzol soils, the following potato cultivars were the most suitable for processing: Belosnezhka, Bronnickiy, Golubizna, Effect (for light clay soil), and Belosnezhka, Golubizna, Nevskiy, Effect (for moderate loam soil ). Tubers, intended for the chip production, should be stored at 6-8 C and treated with Spraut-stop in January-February. Tubers, intended for the dried potato mash production, should be grown on the moderate loam soil and stored at 2-4 C.
S.N. Elansky, Yu.T. Dyakov, D.I. Milyutina, V.P. Apryshko, M.A. Pobedinskaya, A.V. Filippov, B.E. Kozlovsky, M.A. Kuznetsova, A.N. Rogozhin, N.V. Statsyuk Late blight of potato in Russia // Potato production and innovative technologies. Ed.: A.J. Haverkort, B.V. Anisimov. Wageningen Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 2007. Pp. 262-274. [Full text, pdf, in English ] [Full text, pdf, Russian ]
Two types of Phytophthora infestans populations have been registered in Russia: (1) Siberia and Far East populations, characterizing by a very low genotypic variability, and (2) greatly varying European populations. The possible reasons for the low variability of Siberian and Far East populations of P. infestans are the use of a local seed material for the potato and tomato reproduction and the inclement weather conditions, that do not allow the soil wintering of oospores. On the contrary, European populations are influenced by the active exchange of the seed material and a permanent import of potato tubers and tomato fruits from abroad. In this paper we discuss the role of different mechanisms (mutations, migrations, sexual and parasexual recombinations) in the variability of P. infestans populations in Russia and also the influence of a fungicide application and an intraspecific specialization on the structure of these populations.
S.N. Elansky, D.I. Milyutina Heteroplasmosis in Phytophthora infestans //Genetika, 2007, Vol. 43, N 3, PP. 333-336. [Full text, pdf]
PCR and monozoospore plating was used to demonstrate a simultaneous presence of the mitochondrial DNA of haplotypes Ia and IIa in the micelium of several Phytophthora infestans strains.
SimAkov E.A., Anisimov B.V., Sklyarova N.P., Yashina I.M., Elansky S.N. Potato varieties cultivated in Russia. Catalog. 2005 // Supplement to the newspaper "Kartofelevod", M.: 112 p. [Full text]
S.N. Elansky, V.P. Apryshko, D.I. Milyutina, B.E. Kozlovsky Resistance of Russian Phytophthora infestans strains to fungicides Metalaxyl and Dimethomorph//Materials of the conference "Fungy and algae in biocenosis - 2006", Moscow, 2006, p. 56 - 58. [Full text]
S.N. Elansky, V.P. Apryshko Self-fertile Phytophthora infestans strains in field populations and their possible epidemiological role//Materials of the conference "Fungy in natural and anthropogenic ecosystems", S. - Petersburg, 2005 , p. 186 - 189. [Full text]
Research of the distribution of self-fertile strains in field populations and assessment of oospores formation in natural field samples with self-fertile and self-sterile mycelium were the aims of this work. Part of strains identified as A1 or A2 in probes with testers produced oospores in monoculture. Strains with A2 matting type produced oospores more often, then with A1. Self-fertile and self-sterile strains produced oospores in field samples with one lesion with equal frequencies.
Amatkhanova F.Kh., Dyakov Yu.T., Petrunina Ya.V., Pobedinskaya M.A., Elansky S.N., Kozlovskaya I.N., Kozlovsky B.E., Morozova E.V., Smirnov A.N. Characteristics of Phytophthora infestans on the populations of the Northern Caucasus // Mikologia I Phytopathologia, 2004, 38 (3), p. 71 - 78. [Full text]
Phytophthora infestans strains collected from the Northern Caucasus during 2001 and 2002 (3 field populations from Northern Ossetia, Ingushetia, and Stavropol Region (Kislovodsk)) were analyzed on the matting types, resistance to fungicide metalaxyl, izozyme loci Pep-1, Pep-2 , and Gpi, haplotypes of mitochondrial DNA, potato and tomato races, occurrence of the oospores. In the populations mating types A1 and A2 were in comparative ratio, rare oospores were found. Majority of tested isolates were sensitive to metalaxyl. Complex potato races predominated in all studied populations, virulence genes R1 - R4, R7, R8, R10 and R11 were often, R5, R6 and R9 were rare. Maximal race diversity was found in the population from Ingushetiya. Tomato race T0 also predominated in all populations studied except population from Ingushetiya where ratio T0:T1 was about 1:1. All isolates were 100/100 at Gpi-1 locus. At locus Pep-1 the genotype 100/100 prevailed, the frequency of heterozygote 92/100 was very low (4-14%). At locus Pep-2 genotype 100/100 also prevailed, but heterozygote 100/112 occurred often, too. The ratio of Pep-2 genotypes is in accordance with Hardy-Wainberg equilibrium at 95% level of significance. Mitochondrial haplotypes IIa and Ia occurred in the populations, other described haplotypes were not found. Genotype 112/112 was the rarest; it was identified only in the Northern Ossetiya and Ingushetiya (12% and 9% respectively). So, it evidences about the possibility of some income of sexual reproduction in P. infestans populations diversity in the Northern Caucasus.
Elansky S.N., Ya.V. Petrunina, O.I. Lavrova, A.N. Likhachev A comparative analysis of Stachybotrys chartarum strains isolated in Russia // Mikrobiologia, 2004, 73 (1), p. 73 - 79.
S. chartarum is one of those fungi that induce human indisposition. Casual relationship between human indisposition caused by IAQ problems and the level of S. chartarum contamination has been repeatedly established. In the present study, our objectives were to analyze the growth of the fungi on partly immersed in water natural and man-made materials and search for possible correlations between origin of the strains, their morphological features, resistance to fungicides, toxicity (test with Paramecium caudatum ) and genome structure. In total, 51 strains collected in different regions of Russia were analyzed.
The comparative analysis indicated that there are isolates in samples from distinct regions and different substrates, which varied in toxicity level, fungicide resistance, and genome structure. There were no essential differences in conidia size. Different vegetative incompatibility types were found out. The PCR-analysis of genome structure didn't detect the correlation between tested markers. Maximum of fungal growth was on the segment just above the liquid water level. Fungal occupation of the upstream segments positively correlated with water capacity of the material. The rate of growth on man-made materials was different for each strain tested. The most suitable plant materials were stems and seeds of cereals: oat, wheat, couch-grass. These differences in number of criteria confirm intraspecific variety of S. chartarum in distinct parts of natural habitat at the initial stage of its population divergence between eco-trophic niches.
Elansky S.N., Smirnov A.N., Kuznetsov S.A., Apryshko V.P., Dyakov Yu.T. Possible reasons for changing of structure of Phytophthora infestans in European populations part of Russia in the end of 20 - beginning of 21 century // Materials of the conference "Biology, ecology and sistematics of fungi in natural ecosystems and agrophytocenosys", Minsk, 2004, P. 96-100. [Full text ]
Great changes in Phytophthora infestans populations in Europe and Russia occurred during the last 25 years. They were caused by increasing of aggressiveness and virulence of isolates from tomato to potato, increasing of genotypic diversity in field populations, early start of outbreaks, tomato fields as sources of primary infection, and high percent of T1 race on potato. Sources of these changes and role of sexual process and oospores formation are discussed in the article.
Elansky S.N., Ryzhkin D.V. Variations of airborne fungal spores concentrations in surface air of Moscow city // Materials of the conference "Biology, ecology and sistematics of fungi in natural ecosystems and agrophytocenosys", Minsk, 2004, P. 92-96. [Full text]
Variations of fungal spores concentration in surface air of Moscow are discussed in the article. Spores of genus Cladosporium prevail in the atmosphere of Moscow. Their concentration has maximum in July-August. Basidiospores are the second of the largest groups in Moscow air. Their concentration also has maximum in July-August. Third group, Ascospores, has several different maximums. Total fungal spore concentration had the maximum from the end of July until the middle of September. Daily variations of spore content in the atmosphere vary for different fungal taxa. Concentration of conidia of deuteromycetes has maximum at 15-18 hours, but basidiospores - at 4-10 h. It can be connected with the differences in mechanisms of spore release in various fungal taxa. Annual variations were also appreciable.
Elansky S.N., Petrunina Ya.V., Likhachev A.N. Growth of Stachybotrys chartarum(Ehrenb.) Hughes strains on natural and artificial substrates //Botanica Lithuanica, 2003, 9(2): 171-177. [Full text]
Growth of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes strains on plant and artificial materials in contact with water was analyzed. After 84 days exposure at 25 °C material samples (35 × 240 mm) were divided into segments (60 mm length): A - the lower segment under the water level, B - directly over the water level, C and D - accordingly over B and C. Mycelium occupation of each segment was separately evaluated. Maximum fungal growth was on the segment B directly contacting with water, on segment A in most cases the lack of growth was observed. Fungal occupation of the segments C and D positively correlated with water capacity of the material. Mycelium occupation of the higher segments was quite weak, though the humidity was 100%. The rate of growth on artificial materials was different for each tested S. chartarum strain. These differences were not observed when fungi grew on natural materials. The most suitable plant materials were stems and seeds of grain: oats, wheat, couch grass. The growth was weaker on other plant remnants: maple leaves, barberry leaves and branches, rapeseeds, trefoil seeds, St.-Johns wort. In all cases the optimal temperature for growth was 25 °C.
Elansky S. N., Smirnov A. N. Second locus of Peptidase as a marker for genetic investigations of Phytophthora infestans//Botanica Lithuanica, 2003, 9(3), 275-283. [Full text]
Second locus of peptidase (Pep-2) is useful, cheap and quite a technically simple marker that can be used for comparative analysis of P. infestans strains and populations. This polymorphic locus is represented by two alleles 100 and 112, all combinations from them commonly occur in the field populations. Genetic diversity for Pep-2 locus in the majority of populations is higher than for Pep-1. The use of Pep-2 in the complex with other markers such as matting type and Pep-1 allows to investigate the clonal structure of populations, the ways of spreading of pathogen and possible sources of infection. The complex of the aforementioned features is promising for use in regional and interregional databases on late blight agent. The comparative analysis of Russian and Belarusian populations at mating type, Pep-1 and Pep-2 elucidated that the majority of the investigated populations had the genotypes A1, 100/100, 100/100; A2, 100/100, 100/100, and A1, 100/100, 100/112. The genotypes A2, 100/100, 100/112 and A1, 100/100, 112/112 were more rare. Other possible genotypes were found for a few isolates in different populations or were absent.
Ulanova T. I., Elansky S. N., Filippov A. V., Dyakov Yu. T., Apryshko V.P., Kozlovsky B.E., Smirnov A.N., Coffey M.D. Resistance to Late Blight of Some Promising Lines of Lycopersicon hirsutum// J. Russian Phytopathol. Soc., 2003 [Full text]
Several specimens of Lycopersicon hirsutum were tested on the resistance to late blight in the laboratory and under the field conditions in the Moscow region. Strains of Phytophthora infestans were isolated from neighbored potato, tomato and L. hirsutum plots of tested field. Blighted samples of L. hirsutum leaves were assessed on the presence of oospores.
Comparative analysis of P. infestans isolates from field patches of potato, tomato, and L. hirsutum did not reveal the significant differences between them. According to the host membership in all groups of isolates both mating types, complex potato races, and predominance of tomato race T1 were detected. Average number of virulence gene was 8.5 for isolates from L. hirsutum, and 8.7 for isolates from tomato and potato (virulence to 10 resistance gene were tested). The aggressiveness to the tissue of potato tubers of mixture of isolates collected from L. hirsutum was a little higher than for the mixture from potato, but significantly lower than for mixture of isolates from tomatoes. At inoculation of potato cultivars with mixture of isolates from tomato the differences between cultivars with preliminary reported different levels of field resistance was low. Isolates from tomato were the most aggressive to L. hirsutum under the laboratory conditions testing. Oospores were found in blighted leaves of four lines of L. hirsutum. The percentage of the samples with oospores was comparative with this in the leaves of potato and tomatoes.
Tested specimens have a high level of resistance to late blight, but they were strongly delayed in phenophases relative to the tomatoes. Thus, these tested specimens can be recommended as donors of resistance to late blight only for indoor tomatoes because in the greenhouse it is possible to artificially elongate the vegetation season.
Lavrova O. I., S. N. Elansky, Y. T. Dyakov Selection of Phytophthora infestans isolates in asexual generations. // J. Russian Phytopathol. Soc., 2003 [Full text]
Changes in aggressiveness of two P. infestans isolates collected from potato (tomato race T0) and tomato (race T1) were investigated at consecutive passages on leaves of potato and tomato. Aggressiveness of tested isolates increased during passages on leaves of both host-plants with the subsequent plateau effect.
Artificial selection on the decrease of aggressiveness (at every passing the least aggressive isolates were selected), as soon as selection on its increasing (the most aggressive isolates were selected) indicates the growth of aggressiveness in both cases. At selection on downturn of aggressiveness the plateau effect observed some later. Aggressiveness grows faster on leaves of the congenial host-plant (isolate from potato on potato leaves, from tomato - on tomato leaves).
Comparison of initial and selected isolates on potato tuber tissue of three cultivars (Lina, Sante and Lugovskoi) also has shown increase in aggressiveness of isolates after passages. Zoosporangia stretched after passages. There were no changes in neutral markers (matting type, allozyme loci, haplotypes of mitochondrial DNA) and virulences to tomato resistance gene after passages that tests the absence of reinoculation.
Lavrova O.I., S.N. Elansky Identification of SINE-similar elements in Phytophthora infestans genome and their application in comparison analysis of strains. J. Russian Phytopathol. Soc., 2003 [Full text]
The tasks of the work were the identification of conservative DNA fragments similar to A - B box of Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs) in Phytophthora infestans genome, selection of PCR-primer for these DNA fragments, and comparative analysis of P. infestans and Stachybotrys chartarum isolates from distant regions using this primer. A search for SINE-similar elements was performed with primers to known A and B boxes of SINEs from other organisms. After PCR-amplification DNA fragments of different sizes were identified. Six DNA fragments (45 - 51 bp) were cloned in E. coli and sequenced. All 6 clones had similar 25-nucleotide part that includes B box. This sequence was used to create revSINE (5"-GGGATCGAACCAGAAGTGACTACGG-3") primer.
After PCR-amplification of total P. infestans DNA with RevSINE-primer a great number of DNA fragments of different sizes were obtained. The number of fragments decreased with the increasing of the temperature of the primer melting. The temperature 48 C revealing 94 bands after electrophoresis in PAAG was used for comparative analysis. Cluster analysis of PCR- products did not elucidate any groups of isolates based on there geographic origin or host-plant. Only one isolate from the Sakhalin island differed significantly from other strains. The same results were obtained for S. chartarum isolates. Possible explication is that SINEs - mobile elements and can rapidly change there location in the genome. This type of PCR-analysis is characterized by very high resolution and it might be more suitable for other types of researches such as analysis of different features of the strains and gene identification than for population explorations.
Ryzhkin D.V., Elansky S.N., Zheltikova T.M. Airborne spores of Cladosporium and Alternaria in the surface air of Moscow // Atmosphera. Pulmanology and allergology, 2002, 2, p. 30-31. [Full text]
Elansky S., A. Smirnov, Y. Dyakov, A. Dolgova, A. Filippov, B. Kozlovsky, I. Kozlovskaya, P. Russo, C. Smart, W. Fry Genotypic analysis of Russian isolates Phytophthora infestans from the Moscow region, Siberia and Far East//J. Phytopathology, 2001, 149 (10), p. 605-611. [Full text]
Phytophthora infestans samples were collected during 1997and 1998 at multiple sites in Russia from Sakhalin Island in the Far East across Siberia (nine sites, 160 isolates) to the Moscow region (four sites, 325 isolates). Additionally, 12 isolates that were previously obtained were analyzed. All isolates were analyzed for matting type, and sensitivity to metalaxyl. Isolates from within any of the nine sites outside of the Moscow region were monomorphic for matting type and nearly monomorphic for metalaxyl resistance. In contrast, both A1 and A2 isolates were detected in the Moscow region, and these isolates were also polymorphic for metalaxyl resistance. In two sites in Siberia only A2 mating type strains were detected, in the other six sites in Siberia and in Sakhalin Island, only A1 mating types were detected. A subset of isolates (n=191) was also analyzed for pathotype. All isolates were highly complex (many compatibilities, with a mean value of compatibility of ca 8.4 (max = 10). All isolates (n = 43) from Sakhalin Island were compatible with all 10 of the R-genes tested. A further subset of isolates (n= 70, including 12 isolates collected before 1997) was analyzed for genotype at the Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and Peptidase loci, mtDNA haplotypes, and RFLP pattern using the RG57 probe. The US-1 clonal lineage (previously dominant) was not detected in the 1997-1998 sample. The population of P. infestans near Moscow in 1997 and 1998 was highly diverse with 15 unique genotypes (including both mating types) among a sample of 18 isolates. In contrast the populations of P. infestans in Siberia had limited diversity, with only three multilocus genotypes detected and most populations were dominated by the SIB-1 clonal lineage. This lineage accounted for 31of the 39 strains collected in Siberia that were assayed for multilocus genotype.
Bagirova S.F., An Zsan Li, Dolgova A.V., Elansky S.N., Shaw D.S., Dyakov Y.T. Mutants of Phytophthora infestans resistant to dimethomorph fungicide//J. Russian Phytopathol. Soc., 2001, v. 2, p. 19-25. [Full text]
After two-step mutagenesis with nitrosomethyl urea the resistant to dimethomorph (DMM) mutants of Phytophthora infestans were obtained. The frequencies of mutations were low – 6.27 x 10-7 in their first step-mutagenesis and 6.4 x 10-8 – in the second. Lethal concentrations of DMM were increased from 2 mg/l to 8 mg/l. Fitness of mutants in vitro and in planta was low. Most of F1 hybrids between resistant to DMM and sensitive strains were phenotypic similar to sensitive parent. The rare resistant hybrid strains have decreasing fitness, teratic low-germinated sporangia, and were instable (on media without DMM they reverted to sensitivity and normal growth). The anomalous segregation in the F1 hyrids was analyzed regarding to mating type inheritance, linkage between mating type and dimR loci, and death of resistant hybrids.
Smirnov A.N., Kuznetsov S.A., Elansky S.N. Study of the biology of the causative agent of potato late blight // Reports of the TSHA, 2001, no. 273, part 1, p. 226-232. [Full text]
Smirnov A.N., Elansky S.N. Oospore formation in the field populations of Phytophthora infestans in Moscow region // Mikologia I Phytopathologia, 1999, 33 (6), p. 421 - 425.
In 1997, 336 samples from blighted potato leaves of 6 field populations, 123 samples from blighted tomato leaves and fruits of 4 field populations were investigated to detect Phytophthora infestans oospores. The oospores were found in 10% samples from potato leaves, 6% from tomato leaves, and 49% from tomato fruits. Before checking for oospores the P. infestans isolates were collected from the sample to pure culture and their matting types were investigated. The analysis of distributions of oospores and sporangia in the blighted samples as well as of the matting type of these isolates provided the evidence that some oospores found in the Moscow region can have hibrid (outcrossed) origin and others - non hybrid origin.
Derevyagina M.K., Elansky S.N., Dyakov Yu.T. Resistance of Phytophthora infestans to the dimethomorph fungicide // Mikologia I Phitopathologia, 1999, 33 (3), p. 208 - 213.
Analysis of 110 strains of Phytophthora infestans collected in 1996 - 1997 in Russia revealed a very low concentration of dimetomorph resistant isolates. No cross resistant to metalaxyl and dimethomorph isolates have been found but polyresistant strains appeared in metalaxyl resistant populations after treatment with dimethomorph. In comparison to dimethomorph sensitive strains resistant isolates grew slowly on ryeA arar and lost their resistance after several passages. The growth rate increase correlates with with the loss of resistance to dimethomorph. Repeated treatment of potato plots with dimethomorph has a selective effect on the population increasing the rate of resistant clones. Low adapting capacity of resistant strains reduces the hazard of their accumulation.
Elansky S.N., Dolgova A.V., Bagirova S.F., Smirnov A.N., Dyakov Yu.T. Populations of Phytophthora infestans in the Moscow region // Mikologia I Phytopathologia, 1999, 33 (5), p. 346 - 359.
N.N. Elansky (1894-1964) - one of the founders of the national school of military field surgery, lieutenant general of the medical service, organizer and head of the department of faculty surgery at the Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute (1934-1939).
Nikolai Nikolaevich Elansky was born in 1894 in Novokhopyorsk (now Voronezh region). In 1913 he graduated from the Borisoglebsk gymnasium with a gold medal. After graduating from the Military Medical Academy in 1917 and receiving the title of doctor with honors, he went into the active army as a regimental doctor. From 1918 to 1921 he worked as a local doctor in a rural hospital in the Voronezh region. In 1921 he returned to the Military Medical Academy as a doctor at the S.P. clinic. Fedorov and in 1924 defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “On the relationship between ulcers and stomach cancer.” In 1932, Nikolai Nikolaevich received the title of professor.
In 1934, he was elected to the position of head of the newly created department of faculty surgery at the Leningrad Medical Institute. Since 1937, he has combined his work at the Department of Faculty Surgery with the leadership of the Department of General Surgery at the Military Medical Academy. Since this period, Nikolai Nikolaevich has been continuously dealing with the problems of military field surgery. His extraordinary ability to work and good organizational skills deservedly promoted him to the ranks of the leading surgeons in our country.
From the first days of the Great Patriotic War N.N. Elansky was in the active army, was the chief surgeon of the North-Western, 2nd Baltic, 2nd Ukrainian and Transbaikal fronts. During the war, he proved himself to be a talented organizer of medical support for troops, established a blood transfusion service, also treated open infected bone fractures, proposed a perforated pin for intraosseous fixation of fragments, and improved the technique of applying various sutures. In a number of his works on military field surgery, Nikolai Elansky substantiated the need for specialized treatment, thereby summarizing the experience of army and front-line military field institutions, where, under his leadership, it was carried out for wounds of the skull, chest, abdomen, joints and long tubular bones.
After the end of the war N.N. Elansky returned to the Military Medical Academy, where he worked until 1947 as head of the department of general surgery. In 1947, he was appointed to the position of chief surgeon of the Soviet army. At the same time, he heads the department of faculty surgery of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute.
Nikolai Nikolaevich’s research activities are unusually multifaceted. He has written over 100 scientific papers, which cover current issues in surgery of the stomach, liver and bile ducts, blood transfusion, urology, military field surgery, the use of antibiotics in surgical practice and a number of other issues. Especially great contribution was made by N.N. Elansky contributed to the solution of the problem of blood transfusion. In 1926, his monograph “Blood Transfusion” was published, which gave the basic guidelines for determining blood groups, described transfusion techniques, and formulated indications and contraindications for blood transfusion. Nikolai Nikolaevich owns a number of original works on various issues of urology. He developed indications for surgical and non-operative removal of ureteral stones, and proposed a method for treating patients with pelvic fractures and injuries to the genitourinary system. This technique was successfully used in military field conditions. A lot of attention N.N. Elansky paid attention to the surgical treatment of diseases of the liver and bile ducts. In his work “When you should not operate on jaundice,” he deeply analyzed the reasons for failure in the surgical treatment of obstructive jaundice. Special attention of doctors was drawn to the need for careful preoperative differential diagnosis of jaundice.
Nikolai Nikolaevich was a member of the editorial board of the journals “Surgery” and “Military Medical Journal”. Under his editorship, the 15th and 16th volumes of the multi-volume work “The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945” were published. Textbook N.N. Elansky’s “Military Field Surgery” was reprinted 5 times, translated into foreign languages and awarded the Stalin Prize in 1952.
Under the leadership of Professor Elansky, 4 doctors of medical sciences and 9 candidates of medical sciences were trained. He was awarded fifteen orders and medals of the Soviet Union, awarded the titles of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1942), Hero of Socialist Labor (1964).
MOSCOW - 1969
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L. A. Bockeria, S. P. Glyantsev (excerpt) Page 20 ...
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Life dedicated to science
Honored Scientist,
Corresponding Member of the Academy
Medical Sciences, Professor M. KUZIN,
retired major of medical service E. ANTIPENKO
LIEUTENANT GENERAL of the Medical Service Nikolai Nikolaevich Elansky went down in the history of Soviet science not only as an outstanding scientist and talented surgeon, but also as a major organizer of the medical service of the Soviet Army. He devoted most of his working life to the Soviet Armed Forces.
N. N. Elansky was born on May 3, 1894 in the city of Novokhopersk, Voronezh region, in the family of an employee. The boy was 8 years old when his father fell ill and died. This grief left an indelible mark on his memory. As Nikolai Nikolaevich himself said, it had a great influence on the choice of profession. He decided to become a doctor.
In 1913, N. N. Elansky passed all matriculation exams and received a gold medal. In the same year he entered the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy. Nikolai Nikolaevich spent all his free time in the surgical clinic of the outstanding scientist, the largest surgeon in Russia, Professor S.P. Fedorov.
Having graduated from the academy with honors in 1917, N.N. Elansky was retained at the academy for improvement due to a competition. However, he soon went to the front as a regimental doctor. After the front, Nikolai Nikolaevich worked for three years in the village of Makarovo, near Borisoglebsk.
An irresistible thirst for knowledge and the desire for improvement again brought the young physician to the walls of the Military Medical Academy. In 1921, he was enrolled as an adjunct doctor and worked for 15 years under the leadership of S.P. Fedorov.
One of the first in our country, N.N. Elansky began to deeply study the problem of blood transfusion. They were offered a serum standard for determining blood groups. Further development of this problem allowed N. N. Elansky to accumulate extensive theoretical and practical experience and write a large monograph in 1926. It was the first fundamental guide and manual on blood transfusion in the Soviet Union, which played a big role, especially in wartime conditions, in providing emergency care. Subsequently, Elansky wrote 9 more works on this topic.
In 1922-1923 In parallel with his work in the clinic of S.P. Fedorov, Nikolai Nikolaevich conducts experimental studies in the laboratory of I.P. Pavlov on animals. He uses the data obtained in the surgical clinic. Studying the pathology of stomach diseases, in 1922 he presented a detailed report “On the malignant degeneration of gastric ulcers” to the Congress of Surgeons. Purposefulness and perseverance in studying this issue allowed him, at the age of 30, to successfully defend his doctoral dissertation on the topic “On the relationship between ulcers and stomach cancer.”
In 1932, Nikolai Nikolaevich Elansky received the title of professor. He takes an active part in the development of the main problems that Fedorov’s clinic dealt with.
Having become a major specialist in the treatment of diseases of the liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts, N. N. Elansky wrote several works on this topic. Already a well-known scientist, surgeon and teacher, in 1934 he was elected professor at the Department of Faculty Surgery of the Leningrad Pediatric Institute, which he headed, without interrupting his daily medical and scientific-pedagogical work at Fedorov’s clinic.
In 1937, N. N. Elansky was appointed head of the department of general surgery at the Kirov Military Medical Academy, and in 1938 he was entrusted with the organization of a new department of military field surgery. Brilliant organizational talent, great scientific knowledge, many years of teaching and practical experience allowed Elansky to make the newly created department one of the best clinics in our country. Since that time, Nikolai Nikolaevich has been continuously engaged in issues of military field surgery.
N. N. Elansky had his say in many branches of medical science. But, being a military doctor, thinking about the tasks of surgery in war, he naturally gave preference to military field surgery. Nikolai Nikolaevich took part in the battles at Khalkhin Gol, and during the Soviet-Finnish War, together with his assistants, he ensured the organization of surgical care for the wounded.
Many provisions of surgery then had to be revised. N. N. Elansky summarized his rich personal experience, as well as the experience of his comrades, in a textbook on military field surgery, which was published on the eve of the Great Patriotic War and was translated into foreign languages.
From the first days of the war, Professor N.N. Elansky was the chief surgeon of the front (North-Western, 2nd Belorussian, 2nd Ukrainian, Transbaikal). He devotes all his energy, all his talent and skill as a surgeon, and experience as an organizer to improving medical care. In 1942 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist, and in 1944 - the military rank of Lieutenant General of the Medical Service.
During the tense years of the Great Patriotic War, the rich talents of N. N. Elansky were most fully developed. During this period, he wrote many works, which reflected the rich personal experience of a surgeon-clinician and the experience of an organizer of medical evacuation work in the field. Nikolai Nikolaevich always sought to bring qualified assistance closer to the wounded.
N. N. Elansky was a strong supporter of active treatment of gunshot wounds. During the Great Patriotic War, he was one of the first to scientifically substantiate and prove the feasibility of early application of a secondary suture. Subsequently, Nikolai Nikolaevich widely developed a method for treating wounds using antibiotics. His ideas of local administration of penicillin and the method corresponding to this purpose were widely used in the treatment of wounds.
The Great Patriotic War showed the inconsistency of previous guidelines borrowed from foreigners regarding surgical care for gunshot craniocerebral wounds. Elansky clarified the very concept, essence and methodology of primary surgical treatment of a craniocerebral wound (1943) and proved the need to bring specialized neurosurgical care closer to the battle line. Powerful specialized neurosurgical hospitals were created on all fronts.
The works written on this topic both during the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war period are of great practical importance and were a valuable contribution to military field neurosurgery.
Nikolai Nikolaevich paid great attention to finding the most effective methods for treating gunshot penetrating chest wounds. Treatment in specialized surgical hospitals at the front, where I. N. Elansky was the chief surgeon, saved the lives and restored the ability to work of many hundreds of wounded.
Elansky invested a lot of work and energy in the development of surgical practice in the treatment of gunshot fractures of tubular bones. Based on the vast experience of the Great Patriotic War, he made recommendations for specialized care for the wounded with broken bones of the extremities at the medical stages of evacuation. It is difficult to overestimate the enormous importance of these works.
After the war, returning to the Military Medical Academy, N.N. Elansky became the head of the department of general surgery on January 1, 1946. In the summer of 1947, N.N. Elansky was appointed chief surgeon of the Soviet Army and at the same time, through a competition, was elected to the position of head of the department of the faculty surgical clinic of the 1st Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute. He headed this department until the last days of his life.
In the post-war years, the scientific, pedagogical and organizational activities of N. N. Elansky expanded even more widely. He summarized the experience of the medical service in the last war. He was one of the editors of the multi-volume work “The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945.” He edited the largest section of this work, “Wounds of the Extremities.” In total, he published 146 scientific papers on various problems of clinical surgery.
N. N. Elansky introduced new treatment methods into hospital practice and widely popularized the need for local use of antibiotics at the source of the disease or at the site of injury. He designed a metal knitting needle, with the help of which not only bone fragments were correctly installed and fixed, but also the damaged areas were constantly irrigated with penicillin. Sets of these knitting needles were donated to hospitals, where they were successfully used.
Sent to Ashgabat after the earthquake, N.N. Elansky led the entire system of medical care to the population. Among the victims, a group of people was identified who had been under the rubble of buildings for a long time. They did not show any serious signs of damage, but people died. It turned out that the kidneys were failing due to prolonged compression of the body. Nikolai Nikolaevich was one of the first in our country to use the “artificial kidney” device in his clinic in the treatment of acute renal failure.
Here's another example. A collapse occurred at one of the mines in Donbass, and two miners lost their legs. They were brought to the surface, and although there were no visible injuries, the bones survived, the condition of the victims worsened every day. It turned out that their kidneys were not functioning. A few hours later they were taken to Moscow, to the clinic of N.N. Elansky. When the miners were placed on the operating table, the doctors stated that they were experiencing clinical death. However, with the help of the artificial kidney apparatus, people were saved.
Nikolai Nikolaevich generously passed on his knowledge to listeners and students, taught young doctors and experienced surgeons.
N. N. Elansky constantly cared about improving the surgical skills and scientific growth of his students. Nikolai Nikolaevich said that his students are a continuation of his school. In his conversations with young doctors, he often advised to persistently overcome all difficulties and achieve the intended goal in scientific work. Always precise and neat, Nikolai Nikolaevich tried to instill these qualities in his employees.
N. N. Elansky attached great importance to students and doctors mastering the technique of examining patients; he said that a thorough and methodically correct examination of the patient makes it possible to correctly diagnose and prescribe the necessary treatment. He himself showed how to bandage wounds, correctly position the patient on the operating table, perform an operation, and make notes in the medical history or experimental protocol.
In 1952, the government highly appreciated the work of N.N. Elansky, awarding him the State Prize.
In 1964, his major work “Surgical Diseases” was published - a textbook for students of medical universities.
In the first days of the Great Patriotic War, N. N. Elansky joined the ranks of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Being an ardent patriot, he carried out great social and political work.
Nikolai Nikolaevich was a man of great culture, impeccable honesty and high integrity, a man of extensive knowledge and outstanding organizational abilities. Unselfishness, responsiveness, high demands on oneself and others are traits inherent in Nikolai Nikolaevich Elansky.
Everyone who had the opportunity to meet and work with him remembers him warmly and with respect, emphasizing his modesty, spiritual purity and generosity. The scientist gave his knowledge, multifaceted experience and organizational talent to serving his people.
Nikolai Nikolaevich’s services to the Motherland were recognized with 15 government awards. In 1964, on his seventieth birthday, N.N. Elansky was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
Nikolai Nikolaevich died on August 31, 1964. He was buried in Moscow at the Novo-Devichye cemetery.
To perpetuate the memory of this outstanding scientist, the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council named one of the streets of the city of Moscow after Elansky.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Elansky was born on April 20 (May 2), 1894 in the city of Novokhopyorsk, Voronezh province.
After graduating from the Military Medical Academy in 1917, he was sent to the Southwestern Front as a regimental doctor.
From 1918 to 1921 he worked in the Voronezh province, where he participated in the elimination of the typhus epidemic.
Returning to the Military Medical Academy in the surgical clinic of S.P. Fedorov, Nikolai Elansky began to deal with the problems of blood transfusion. Together with V.N. Shamov and I.R. Petrov, back in 1919, Elansky prepared the first standard sera in the USSR for determining blood groups.
In his doctoral dissertation “On the relationship between ulcers and stomach cancer,” written in 1924, he pointed out the so-called precancerous diseases of the stomach, and in 1926 he published his first monograph, “Blood Transfusion,” in which he summarized his experience on this problem.
In 1937, Nikolai Elansky was appointed to the position of head of the Department of General Surgery of the Military Medical Academy. The following year, having restored the country's first department of military field surgery, created back in 1931 by V. A. Oppel, he headed it.
During the battles at Khalkhin Gol and the Soviet-Finnish War, Elansky became one of the organizers of surgical care for the wounded.
From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, he was in the active army and was the chief surgeon of the North-Western, 2nd Baltic, 2nd Ukrainian and Trans-Baikal fronts. During the war, Nikolai Elansky proved himself to be a talented organizer of medical support for troops, established a blood transfusion service, also treated open infected bone fractures, also proposed a perforated pin for intraosseous fixation of fragments and improved the technique of applying various sutures.
In a number of his works on military field surgery, Nikolai Elansky substantiated the need for specialized treatment, thereby generalizing the experience of army and front-line military field institutions, where, under his leadership, it was carried out for wounds of the skull, chest, abdomen, joints and long tubular bones.
Nikolai Elansky was appointed chief surgeon of the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1947, and worked in this post until 1955. Simultaneously with this appointment, he was elected to the post of head of the department of faculty surgery of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute.
From 1955 to 1959 he was a consulting professor at the Military Medical Directorate.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 30, 1964, Nikolai Nikolaevich Elansky was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
Memory
One of the streets in Moscow was named in honor of Nikolai Elansky in 1965.
Honorary titles, awards and prizes
Ranks
Lieutenant General of the Medical Service (September 13, 1944), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1924), Professor (1932), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1942).
Honorary member of the All-Russian Scientific Society of Surgeons, the International Association of Surgeons, the Surgical Society of Czechoslovakia, vice-president of the Soviet-Belgian Friendship Society.
Awards
- Medal "Hammer and Sickle"
- Three Orders of Lenin;
- Four Orders of the Red Banner;
- Order of Alexander Nevsky;
- Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree;
- Two Orders of the Red Star;
- medals.
Awards
- Stalin Prize (1952).
Books
Nikolai Elansky’s textbook “Military Field Surgery” was reprinted five times and was translated into foreign languages.
