Upper underscore in Word. $, £, € and the crossed out “P”: the history of the symbols of modern currencies Zet with a dash

29.04.2021

In addition to using different types text formatting such as: changing the font, using bold or italics, sometimes it is necessary to make an underline in Word. Placing a line over a letter is quite simple; let’s look at several ways to solve this problem.

Using "Diacritics"

Thanks to the symbol panel, you can make a dash on top as follows. Place the mouse cursor at the desired location in the text. Go to the “Insert” tab, then find and click in the “Symbols” area on the “Formula” button and select “Insert new formula” from the drop-down menu.

An additional tab “Working with Formulas” or “Designer” will open. From the options presented, in the “Structures” area, select “Diacritics” and click on the window called “Stroke”.

In the added window, type the required word or letter.

The result will look like this.

Emphasizing from above using a figure

Using shapes in Word, you can underline a word both above and below. Consider the underscore. Initially, you need to print the desired text. Next, go to the “Insert” tab in the “Illustrations” area and select the “Shapes” button. In the new window, click on the “Line” shape.

Place a cross over the word at the beginning, press and drag the line to the end of the word, moving up or down, align the line and release.

You can change the color of the upper underline by clicking on the line and opening the “Format” tab. By clicking on the “Shape Outline” button, select the desired color. You can also change the underline type and thickness. To do this, go to the sub-item below “Thickness” or “Strokes”.

In accordance with the settings, the stick can be converted into a dash-dotted line, or changed into an arrow in the desired direction.

Thanks to such simple options, putting a line over a letter or number will not take much time. You just have to choose the most suitable method from the above.

To hear audio examples for the text, click on the highlighted text in blue .

In Slovak you will find a lot of similarities with Russian. Let's start with the fact that in Slovak it is usually written and read the same way.

VOWELS

Slovak letters a, e, i/y, o, u look like Russians A, uh, And(y = hard and), O, at. Pronunciation differences i And y no, it's a matter of writing. The same letters with a dash on top ( á , é , í /ý , ó , ú ) sound longer: a-a, uh, i-i, o-o, ooh.
The stress is usually on the first vowel of the word.

	a, á	brat, mal, málo, bál sa
	e, é	ten, krém, pekne, place
	i, í And y, ý	beer, wine; syn, mily
	o, ó	bol, gol, ona, bola
	u, ú	ruka, ruku, mú, malú

ä - soft uh

There is a separate letter for the next one - ô , she sounds like u smoothly turning into o:

CONSONANTS

Letters b, d, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, z sound just like Russians b, d, f, G, To, l, m, n, P, R, With, T, h. Letter h sounds like Ukrainian G(aspirated); ch sounds like Russian X. Letter x pronounced " X" (in online chats and forums it is sometimes used as Russian X) .

Listen to some examples:

Letter v usually pronounced like Russian V- víno, Viera, however, at the end of a word and in the middle between a vowel and a consonant, it is pronounced bilabially, that is, labial-labial, like the English W - domov, krv, polievka, pravda.

Letters q And w found only in foreign words, for example Quido, WC.

SOFT CONSONANTS

All soft consonants except c, dz, j, are written with ticks (softening signs) above them.
After a soft consonant sound And spelled "soft" i(mäkké i), instead of "hard" y(tvrdéy). C sounds like Russian ts. Dz How dz. J like Russian th.

	c	noc, práca, cena, Slovaái
	dz	medzi, cudzí, prichádza
	j	ja, ján moje, ahoj

Consonants č , š , ž , dž are pronounced h, w, and, j.

	č	čaká, reč, Anglican
	š	široký, špinavý, píšeš
	ž	žena, môžeš, žiletka
	dž	džús, džem, hádže

Ď /ď , Ť /ť , Ň /ň , Ľ /ľ sound like yeah, t, no, l.

RULE OF SOFT WRITING

Before letters e, i And í letters d, t, n pronounced like ď , ť , ň . Those. the soft sign is not written.

Instead of voiced consonants, their voiceless equivalents are pronounced at the end of the word (before the pause), and before the voiceless sound:

Prepositions like v, are pronounced as part of the following word:

	v location(vmesťe) /in the city/, v kine(fkiňe) /in the cinema/
	s Petrom(spetrom), s matkou(zmatkou), s David

ALPHABET

The alphabetical order of Slovak is almost the same as in English, but note that

ch comes after h
č , š , ž And ä , ô are considered separate letters (after c, s, z; a, o)

Other letters ( ď , á etc.) are not considered separate.  Listen to the audio lesson with additional explanations

I think that many have already noticed that sometimes there are different icons above and below French letters: sticks, houses, dots, worms, commas...

As you understand, they are drawn for a reason.

The letter of the alphabet already known to us is e (this is the one when we put our lips together as if we are going to speak O, and we ourselves say uh) is pronounced differently with different symbols.

é

If you see this icon above it (accent aigu (sharp accent) or “stick to the right”), it needs to be pronounced, smiling.

Prepare your lips for sound And, and say it yourself uh.

That is, stretch your lips towards your ears as much as possible. And with such a smile from ear to ear, you say uh.

fé e, bé bé, café, é cole, é tudie, ré cit, té lé, é té, é crire, litté rature, pré fé ré

Cé cile dé teste le café.
C"est l"é cole numé ro deux.
C"est la discipline pré fé ré e de Bé né dicte.
Le bé bé de Pé pé a le nez é paté.
Il a pitié des bé bé s.

è ê ë

The scientific name for these icons is: accent grave, accent circonflexe, tréma (let’s call them in our own way – stick to the left, house, two dots).

All three options are pronounced the same, like Russian uh.

trè s, prè s, aprè s, frè re, pè re, mè re, poè te, crè me, problè me, modè le
fê te, bê te, rê ve, crê pe, forê t, fenê tre, Noë l

C "est le pè re de Pierre.
Le Noë l est ma fê te préférée.

I hope everyone knows that the French language grew out of Latin (as did Italian and Spanish). That is, Latin roots predominate in French words.

So here it is. Where in Latin there was a letter s in this root, in modern French there is house. But in other languages (and not only Romance, but, for example, in English and Russian) this s has been preserved.

Look at the word fê te!

Let's restore the letter hidden under the house. What happened? Feste.

What does it remind us of? Look at the Spanish word fiesta and Russian word"festival". Right! It's a "holiday"! So you can guess the meaning of the word, which contains e with a house.

And now a word forê t.

We proceed in the same way. We restore the letter s – forest.

Those who speak English have already understood that this is a “forest”. By the way, this letter has been preserved in French, for example, in the word forestier (forester).

Two dots can stand not only above e, but also above other letters too.

The main purpose of this icon is to separate vowels.

Usually two vowels in a row make one sound. For example, the letter combination a i is read as uh(we'll learn more about this later).

But if you put not one, but two dots over i, this letter combination will read as ai.

naï f, égoï ste, Raphaë l, Noë l

The house (accent circonflexe) and the “stick to the left” (accent grave) can stand not only above the letter e.

These icons can be used to distinguish the meaning of words.

du – masculine partial article (or continuous article)
dû – past tense form of the verb devoir

sur – preposition “on, about”

a – verb avoir (to have) for the pronouns “he, she”
à – preposition “in”

ou – conjunction “or”
où – question word “where?” Where?"

la – pronoun “her” (answers the question “who?”)
là – adverb “there, here”

Attention! This does not affect pronunciation in any way.

ç

garç on, leç on, maç on, faç on, faç ade, limaç on, reç u

Apostrophe

This is a comma above and to the right of the letter that hides an extra vowel underneath.

In French, everything should be fine :) But two vowels in a row are a mess.

You can't leave de elle. You need to hide the vowel in the preposition under an apostrophe. It turns out d'elle.

Instead of le arbre - l "arbre, je ai - j"ai.

You get used to it very quickly, because very quickly you realize that it is really much more convenient to pronounce it this way.

Lesson summary"Letters with icons":

é (lips for sound And, and say it yourself uh):
Cé cile dé teste le café.
è ê ë (Russian uh):
Le pè re de Noë l rê ve de fê te.
ç (Russian With):
Le garç on a reç u une leç on.
apostrophe:
instead of le arbre - l"arbre, je ai - j"ai.
two dots above the vowel separate it from the previous one, that is, they do not form a letter combination, but are pronounced separately:
égoï ste, Noë l
house above the vowelû distinguishes the meaning of words, does not affect pronunciation:
su r – preposition “on, about”
sû r – adjective “confident”
stick to the left above the letterà distinguishes the meaning of words, does not affect pronunciation:
a – verb avoir (to have) for the pronouns “he, she”
à – preposition “in”

The Russian ruble has finally acquired an official graphic symbol - now the national currency will be denoted by a crossed out letter “R”. About why currencies need special graphic signs and why most symbols of the world's monetary units contain horizontal "dashes" - in the material on the site.

Why do currencies need graphic symbols?

Not every currency in the world can boast of its own sign. Thus, Latvian lats, Swiss francs, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish crowns, Croatian kunas and many other currencies of the world do without special symbols. In total, according to the global Unicode standard (the standard for encoding characters and signs of written languages), at the moment only about thirty world currencies have officially registered graphic symbols. Among them there are also those that are no longer in use - for example, signs of the Italian lira (£), German mark (ℳ), and French franc (₣), which became obsolete after the introduction of the euro.

Meanwhile, it is hard not to admit that currencies that have their own graphic symbols are much more widespread than monetary units that do not have their own symbols. Thus, the dollar ($), pound (£), euro (€), and yen (¥) are undoubtedly not only the most popular, but also the strongest and most influential currencies in the world.

Approval of the ruble symbol

Introduction of the official symbol Russian ruble, according to the Bank of Russia, became the most important event in the country’s economy. "Moscow claims the status of an international financial center. An objective need has arisen to introduce a symbol of the national currency, recognized within the country and abroad,” said Elvira Nabiullina, Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia, on December 11, presenting the approved designation of the Russian currency.

The adoption of one sign as a designation of a monetary unit allows, in addition, to unify all variants of its previous spelling: thus, after the official approval of the ruble symbol, there will no longer be any doubt about how best to say about the ruble in writing - 100 rubles, 100 rubles. or 100 rub.

What do the symbols of different world currencies have in common?

Some of the graphic images of monetary units developed naturally, as a result of various historical events, and some were formed during the development of many options, as well as popular votes. So, it is impossible to present any special requirements for creating a symbol of a particular currency. However, the graphic image must be convenient and easy to write, otherwise it will be useless - after all, currency symbols are introduced in order to become recognizable and replace them in written speech full names currencies

Dollar, euro, pound, Japanese yen, Vietnamese dong, Israeli new shekel

Graphic symbols of almost all currencies in the world have horizontal “dashes” in their structure. This is not only the British pound sterling (£), the euro (€), the Ukrainian hryvnia (₴), the Japanese yen (¥), the Kazakh tenge (₸) and, finally, the symbol of the Russian ruble that has received official status. Thus, the symbols of the Indian rupee (₹), South Korean won (₩) and many other currencies of the world are also written using one or more horizontal stripes.

Such stripes on signs are a generally recognized symbol of the stability of the currency in whose writing they are present. That is why, as the representatives themselves stated Central Bank Russia, the line is also used in the ruble symbol.

From Russia with love

The approved symbol of the Russian ruble, which is a crossed out “R”, is not the first sign of the national currency, but it is the only one officially recognized. It should be added, however, that for a long time it was the most popular of the unofficial designations of the Russian currency.

During times Russian Empire There was another way to write the ruble: it was to combine the capital letters “r” and “u”. According to the most common version, the "p" was turned 90 degrees counterclockwise, and then the "y" was written on top of the letter. This designation of the ruble was indicated not after the numbers, as today, but above them. However, despite the attempts of some publishers, this ruble sign was not widely used in print.

Now the graphic symbol of the ruble has become - and is already completely legal - the crossed out letter "P". This sign was approved by the Central Bank of Russia on December 11. The selected symbol was recognized as the most popular based on the results of a vote that the Central Bank conducted on its website. A one-ruble coin with a new graphic symbol of the national currency will appear in circulation in 2014.

Approved symbol of the ruble. Photo: cbr.ru

In early November, the Central Bank submitted the graphic symbol of the ruble for public discussion. The finalist signs were selected by a working group of the Bank of Russia from more than three thousand options. The crossed out “P” was supported by more than 61% of respondents during the voting.

Crossed out letters and more

Since horizontal stripes are a fairly popular “attribute” of currency symbols, it is not surprising that there are already a number of monetary units in the world, the signs of which are very similar to the new ruble designation. Thus, most countries where pesos are used to pay use the American dollar sign ($) or a similar one, only with two transverse stripes, to designate their currencies. But in the Philippines, the peso, meanwhile, is denoted by a different symbol - ₱, which is similar to the new designation of the Russian ruble.

Symbols of various currencies of the world: including the American dollar, Korean won, Netherlands Antilles guilder

The Nigerian naira is also crossed out - however, already with two stripes (₦). In addition, the Ukrainian hryvnia (₴) and the Laotian kip (₭) have similar designations - in the form of crossed out letters.

In the graphic designs of some national currencies, horizontal lines are present in a different way. Thus, the new Israeli shekel looks more like a beautiful rectangular pattern (₪), that of the country of Bangladesh - like a solid sign from the Russian alphabet (৳), and the guilder of the Netherlands Antilles - like a mathematical notation for a function (ƒ).

Where did the most famous currency symbols come from?

Today there is no single view on the origin of the $ sign, but it is quite possible that the American currency owes its characteristic design to the inhabitants of Foggy Albion. The fact is that English king George III at one time ordered the use of Spanish reals, which were worth 1/8 of an English pound sterling. This money was called "piece of eight", which eventually became the abbreviated "peso". Soon they began to pay with them in the North American colonies of England, where they also began to be called dollars.

The crossed out eight was wisely chosen as the written symbol for "piece of eight". However, soon this spelling turned out to be too long and inconvenient, as a result of which the symbol turned into a “truncated” eight - $.

According to the theory of American Patriots, $, however, originated differently: becoming a simplified combination of the letters "U" and "S" (the first letters of the name of the United States - US), superimposed on each other. Another version of the appearance of the American dollar symbol says that the “progenitors” of the $ sign were the Spaniards, who wrote down the peso currency by combining the letters “P” and “S”.

The Roots of Fancy Writing British pound are hidden in the Latin letter "L", supplemented horizontally with a line (or two lines) in the middle. “L” itself comes from the Latin word libra (libra, pound), denoting the main measure of weight in Ancient Rome and England.

The pound - £ or ₤ - is used not only in the UK, but also in some other countries around the world.

The euro, as a young currency, received its sign as a result of an analysis of the public opinion of Europeans. It is believed that the authors of € were four experts, whose names for some reason it was decided not to disclose.

According to the European Commission, the graphic image of the euro carries the significance of European civilization (symbolized by the Greek letter “epsilon”), identity with Europe itself (the letter “E”) and stability (parallel lines crossing the letter).

From $ to €

The first use of a symbol of any (some) currency dates back to 1972. It may be necessary if, for example, the symbol of the required currency is not available in a computer font.

Designation of any currency

The sign of some currency is a circle from which, like the sun, four rays extend at an angle of 90 degrees relative to each other.

Anna Teplitskaya

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