What you can write about the sundial. How do solar clock work? Vertical sundial

08.11.2020

On a sunny day, any pillar throws the shadow. To find out how much time, people Merily Shadow Steps. In the morning she was longer, it became very short at noon, and in the evening again lengthened. The pillar, which was used as a clock, was called Gnomon.

Gnomon - the sundial, were the first clock that measured the time along the length of the discarded shadow. In many nations, these obelisks served simultaneously to reveal the cult of the Sun God.

Indian benty monks - Fakira turned an ordinary road stick to the clock - staff. This staff was eight-marched. Upstairs on each face drilled a hole in which a small wand was inserted. To find out, what an hour, Fakir raises his staff, holding him for the lace. Shadow, falling from the sticks on the edge of a sheer-hanging staff, showed time. On the verge of the staff are carved invasses denoting hours. But why do you need so much faces? It would seem enough and one, but the fact is that at different times of the year the visible path of the sun differ. Therefore, the shadow, which in everything depends on the Sun, behaves in the summer and in winter it is different. Summer the sun rises in the sky higher than in winter; Therefore, the shadow in the summer afternoon is shorter than in the winter. That is why the staff is made multifaceted. Each line is marked for one time of the year and is not suitable for another.

Imagine the ancient city Babylon about 3.5 thousand years ago every day from sunrise to sunset at the top of the old tower, where the abode of the Supreme Divine of Elimil was, there was a duty priest and watched the movement of the solar shadow from the vertex of the post.

It was worth the shadows to touch the next line, as he brought his mouth against his mouth and laid out loudly: "Know, free and slaves, I passed another hour after sunrise!"

From Babylon Sunclock scattered around the world. Previously, by the main square of the ancient Greek city of Athens, people ran hours and reported wishing, which is an hour. They learned the time in the only sunny clock in the city and the time was reported for a small coin. Babylonians taught the ancient Greeks to divide the time at equal intervals - the clock. They taught the Greeks to build new sunny hours - the first clock with the dial.

In sunny clock, a small rod (gnomon) was strengthened on the plane (frame), separable lines, the dial, the clockwise was the shadow from the gnomon.

Historical sources are considered the very first mention of the sunny hour. A message about them in the manuscript of the Chinese Chiu-Pi period of about 1100 BC.

The first obeliski and pylons intended in Egypt to measure time were built, in all likelihood, already in the XIV century. BC. Until now, such an obelisk is 35.5 m high on Sv. Peter in Rome, who was delivered there in 38 g. Caligule from Heliopolis.

More early information about solar hours in ancient Egypt, such as the image of the solar clock and the method of using them on the tomb of the network about 1300 BC

The news of the most ancient of the ancient Egyptian solar clocks belong to the era of the rule of Tutamos III - the first half of the XV century. BC. Egyptian gnons were very inaccurate chronometric devices. They showed time correctly only twice a year - in the days of spring and autumn equinox. Later under the influence of the Greeks, the Egyptians began to build a sundial with special scales for different months.

In the Middle Ages, the sun's clock could look unexpectedly. On the square, leaning on the braid there was a sculpture of old-headed death, and her braids were a gnomon of horizontal clock.

The varieties of sunshine were very diverse. In addition to horizontal hours, the Greeks also had more perfect vertical sundials, the so-called hemocycles that they had on public buildings.

There were a mirror sundial, which reflected the sunlight with a mirror on the dial located on the wall of the house.

The sundial was found not only in the form of hours outdoors - on Earth. columns, etc., but also in the form of small desktops.

Approximately at the beginning of the XVI century. Window sundials appeared. They were vertical, and their dial was the surface of the Temple or Town Hall window. The dial of these watches, found quite often in Germany and in England, usually consists of a mosaic panel, filled with lead. The transparent scale allowed to observe the time without leaving the building.

There were and portable sundials, but they showed the right time if they were correctly installed, i.e. core.

The first creators of the solar clock with a corrective compass refers to an astronomer Regomontan, who worked in the middle of the XV century. in Nuremberg. The combination of solar clocks with a compass led to the fact that the sundial has become possible to use everywhere and their portable, pocket or road models appeared.

In 15-16 centuries. We used pocket sunshine. When the lid of the box raised, the lace was stretched between her and the Donets - Gnomon. On the bottom is a horizontal dial, and on the lid - vertical. The built-in compass allowed to deploy a gnomon to the north, and the miniature plumb is to keep the box horizontally. The shadow of the gnomon showed time immediately on both dial. A special bead attached to the gnomon, celebrated his shadow the date of the year.

Last war in wet and hot africa wildlife where soldiers fought, modern mechanical clocks hopelessly broke. And simple small sundials from plastics were not afraid of either moisture, no heat or dust. To set the correct position, pocket sundials must have a built-in magnetic compass or turn to the north.

The biggest sundial "Samrat Yangra" have a length of gnomon 27 m and a height of 36 m. They were built in 1724 in Jaipur, India.

The most modern version!

In the US, digital sundials that do not have mobile parts are patented. Depending on the position of the Sun, the sunlight passing through the filters (in the form of numbers), highlights the time with an accuracy of 10 minutes.

On the road leading from St. Petersburg to Moscow, there are still some stone verst poles, set as Ekaterina II. On the column on the one hand, the inscription: "From St. Petersburg 22 versts", and on the other - a stove with an iron triangular plate in the middle and Roman numbers around. Roman numbers indicate the clock. And the arrows replaces the shadow from the plate. Shadow moves like an arrow of the clock, and shows time.

The sundial clock is still, although they have a big drawing: they are useless at night in cloudy weather.

Ways to manufacture sunny hours.

Initially, our ancestors did not have such hours as now. The main counter of the time was the sun. The watches themselves were a stick, stuck in the ground. It was on the shadow of this stick that an approximate time could be determined. It is worth noting that the readings are quite accurate.

There are a lot of options to make such a device. They are distinguished by design and features of work. Children will be glad to the invention and easier will learn the numbers. Take advantage of sand, chopsticks. It is better to conduct an experiment when the sand is wet. In dry weather there is no need to draw numbers. You can simply install pebbles. Property numbers several times. At the same time, mark the time in your o'clock. Try to do it in a game form.

Clock options:

Vertical. They are located on the wall or hang on the ropes
Horizontal. Located on the ground or on the horizontal surface
Equatorial. Arranged at an angle. In this case, the dial parallel line of the equator, and the arrow itself parallel to the earth's axis

Below in the video you can see how to make simple horizontal sundials.

Video: Sunshirts for kids

Sunshine ideas for kindergarten: photo

Options for manufacturing solar oats a huge amount. These can be simple products made of cardboard and paper. In kindergarten can be made right on the sand. For this you will have to spread simple figures. This is an entertaining and exciting game for kids of preschool age. At the same time, kids study numbers, and understand how to navigate time. Below are the main options for sunny hours. You will be able to learn ideas for your crafts and inventions.

How to make the simplest sundial with your own hands?

This product is manufactured in the presence of a compass and sticks. It can be replaced with a match or toothpick.

Instruction:

Put the compass on the flat plane, then determine the direction of the side of the light of the North, set the compass scoreboard so that the arrow shown to the north and the digit of the compass 180 degrees azimuth.
Install directly in the center of the dial toothpick. All, solar oatsics are ready. To determine the time you need to just watch the shadow of the toothpick. The longer the shadow, the longer time.
When the shadow shows 180 degrees on the dial, it is equal to 12 o'clock in a day, if 270 degrees, then it equals 18 o'clock, and 90 degrees - 6 in the morning. That is, one hour of time is 15 degrees on the compass.
In order to correctly determine the time, it is necessary that the sun's rays fall directly on the toothpick and the compass scorep.

The simplest are horizontal clock. For their manufacture you will need the simplest and inexpensive materials.

Materials:

Compass
Cardboard
A pen
Protractor
Compass

Instruction:

Draw a circle and cut it out. Now cut a triangle from cardboard, one corner of which is straight, and the second is equal to degrees of your terrain latitude
With the help of a compass, find out where the north is, it is north to send a triangular arrow
After that, with the help of the timer, mark each hour the label in these places where the shadow from the arrows fall

It's easy enough to do it. As a platform, that is, the foundations can be used both tiles and sand. Very often, such hours are decorated with pebbles and sand. Many in the country can see unusual models with a wrought arrow.

Instruction:

Take a piece of plastic and cut a circle out of it. It should be large enough
Cross the pad under and the clock with sand. Do it with a level. If the watch is planning for a long time, you can concrete a platform
Put the circle on the platform. In the center of the circle, drill a hole and insert a wand
Now, with the help of hours, mark the shadow where the arrow falls, and write the necessary numbers.
In the first half of the day there is little sun in the north, so the clock will show, starting with lunch

There are several options. Most often, the dial is not on 12 parts broken, but on 24. It is necessary to use a circulation and a ruler, since divisions should be the same. At the same time initially you do not need to apply numbers. This can be done using a timer. Each hour the corresponding mark is applied, which is made by applying a point to the place where the shadow falls.

You can also not initially put any labels. You can simply cut the circle, and install the arrow in its center. It is necessary that it is inclined to the north. The angle of inclination should be equal to the corner of the latitude. At the same time, take the clock and mark the time every hour.

Oriented in time for such oats, quite simple. To do this, you need to know some subtleties. It is necessary to take a look at the arrow and the shadow that falls from it. Now become a face north. At the same time, the minimum shadow length at the maximum rise of the Sun and will be half a day. That is, the shadows are almost no shadow. The longer time, the shadow increases and moves.

Sunshirt in landscape design: photo

Now a lot of people in the garden can see the sun's clock. Of course, they show not the most accurate time. But at the same time still help to understand the approximate time frame. Mainly in landscape design uses clocks made of stone, sand or tile. In addition, often sundials are made from the foot of the trees. At the same time, the terrain around must be open. None tree should close the clock. Below are photo of the sunny clock in landscape design.

As you can see, it's easy enough to make a sundial. Select one of the ways and always monitor your own time.

Video: Sunshirt

While traveling sometimes you need to navigate the sun, for what you need to know an approximate time. If there is no clock with a dial, you can make the sundial with your own hands. In addition to practical importance, such a design will become an excellent decoration of the garden plot. In addition, the manufacture of a solar determinant of time will be a fascinating occupation for children to follow the movement of the Sun and learn the time of day. How to make a sundon? You can find more about this below.

Sundial

Solar time determinants are divided into three types: vertical, horizontal, equatorial. The first form is attached on the walls of the buildings, respectively, has a vertical dial aimed strictly south. The rod to specify the time is located above the center of the dial with a deviation to an angle equal to 90 degrees minus the latitude of the selected area.

The second view is located on the ground in a horizontal position. The clock rod has a view of a triangle with an angle equal to the latitude of the terrain, called gnomon. It indicates the northern direction. Such hours show the exact time all year round, except for winter and late autumn. The surface of the equatorial clock is under the tilt relative to the level of the ground and turn to the north. The gnomon is a perpendicular dial of a rod located in parallel to the earth's axis. On the dial caused divisions in the same way as an ordinary arrow hour, every 15 degrees. The disadvantage of equatorial clock is that they will show information only in the period between the days of the spring and autumn equinox in the northern hemisphere, and, on the contrary, in the southern hemisphere. The advantage of this type of hours is their mobility. You can make a small design that can be moved to the desired location.

How to make a sun's hand: video

The most common horizontal and equatorial sundial, but, despite it, it is worth describing the manufacture of each of three types. Before making a design, it is necessary to determine the place to place it. It should be a territory, not a fallen buildings, trees and other objects. It is better to pre-observe the place of future hours throughout the year so that it is constantly solar. Depending on the location of the location, what type of hours is vertical, horizontal or equatorial. If the site drops many shadows from the poles, the elevation, the best option will be the manufacture of vertical solar clocks, which can be attached to the wall of the house or on a decorative column.

Equatorial sundial: manufacture

As a basis, you need to take a fane or a piece of plastic, on which divisions are applied every 15 degrees. In the center of the base is fixed with a metal rod or pin from any other strong material. Its length varies depending on the size of the watch.

In order to give the correct tilt to the dial, it is installed on a special stand. To correctly calculate the angle of inclination, you need from 90 degrees to take the value of the degree of latitude of the terrain where the sundial is installed.

After the dial is installed, they must be orientable so that the gnomom indicates north. It is necessary to make it like this: for some time until the occurrence of the rod (gnomon) is fixed on the horizontal plane. The place where the shadow fall from the rod will fall, you need to mark the point, then spend a circle with a circulation. The center of this circle will be there, where the gnomon is fixed. The length of the shade at the time of observation will indicate the radius of the circle. Next you need to observe the movement of the shadow. Returning from the drawn circle, it will gradually decrease, then grow again, crossing the circle again. In the place where she crosses it for the second time, you need to put a mark and connect it with the first mark. The segment that results in, you need to divide in half. A straight line that passes through the middle of the segment of the segment and the center of the circle will indicate the direction of North-South. Next, you need to designate the dial, for which the base is placed on 24 identical segments of 15 degrees each, numeric markings.

For the correct orientation of equatorial homemake hours, the conditions must be followed:

A part of the dial on which the numbers from 6 to 18 are indicated should be strictly horizontally.
Part of the dial with numbers 12-24 must coincide with a certain direction of North-South.
The dial must be tilted in such a way that the angle is the local latitude value.

How to make a sundial horizontal type

Solar clock with their own hands with a horizontal dial is made even easier than equatorial.

The base is made of solid material, you can take a fane or plastic. It can be made round or square. Gnomon is made of the same material in the form of a triangle, one angle of which should be 90 degrees, and the second - latitude of the separate terrain. The triangular arrow is attached to the base, and is installed on the ground in the right place. In order to turn the arrow to the north, oriented on the compass. To designate divisions on the dial it is necessary to start a timer, and every hour to mark the shadow from the arrow.

Making vertical sunshine

Preparation for the manufacture of sunshine

Vertical sundials are better placed on the south side. Making this type of solar clock is more complex than the first two. The dial is located in parallel to the horizon in the strict southern direction for the northern hemisphere. A little higher than the central part of the base of the time determinant, it is necessary to mark the arrow arrangement, and from this point to pull the plumb that you need to draw a line. This line will denote the time of noon. Numeric designations are located on the dial symmetrically only if the rod turns out to be in a strictly perpendicular position relative to the dial. Fasten the rod in the wall is not so simple: to begin with, you need to drill the hole in large than the gnomon, diameter. Part of the rod that will be fastened inside the wall, you need to flatten a little to prevent its turning. The mounting place is moistened, the rod is inserted there so that the bend place is exactly in the wall. The rod must be rotated so that it makes an angle of 90 degrees with the wall surface before the solution in the fastening site will freeze.

Meadow Maxim, Ryakova Anna, Pantyushin Vasily

Ryatova Anna

Pantyushin Vasily

Project Manager: Predian Elena Anatolyevna

(mathematic teacher)

Purpose of work:

Development of cognitive interest, creative activity of students.

Acquisition of children to the history of the development of sun hours.

Tasks:

· Development of independent work skills, work on the algorithm, under the guidance of a teacher, work in pairs, adequate self-esteem, the ability to plan their activities.

· Development of harmonious perception of the surrounding world, executive, responsibility, activity.

Project Abstracts

"Sundial"

Ancient ways to measure time.
Sundial - Device for determining time.
The simplest sundial.
The date of the solar clock.
Clepsydra.

6. Münster - "Father of the gnomony".

7. A simple way to measure time in France, South Germany and some other places was well known even in the XIX century.

Download:

Preview:

Sundial

The most ancient ways of measuring time were known for 2000 BC, and their development continued until the first centuries of the new time. The chronometric devices of that period are sometimes called the simplest, their era ends the first important improvements to the mechanical clock with wheel transmission. This includes many types of solar, water, fierce, sandy and other watches, which, as important elements of development, played a significant role in the history of chronometry.

Sundial - device for determining By changing the shadow length ofgnomon and its movementdial . The appearance of these watches is associated with the moment when a person realized the relationship between the length and position of the solar shadow from certain objects and regulationsSun. in the sky.

Simplest sunnyclock Show and not local, that is, do not take into account the division of the earth on. In addition, the simplest sundials do not take into account. You can use the sunny clock only during the day and in the presence of the Sun. Currently, the sunsite clock is practically not used and gave way to various types of others.watch .

Ancient tool for determining the time servedgnomon . Changing the length of its shadow pointed the time of day. About such simplest sunpers mentioned inBible . According to the stories of Greek writers, real sundial, i.e., special tools that indicated daytime hours were borrowedgreeks W. babylonian .

The exact date of the occurrence of the solar clock, which in its original form had the form of obelisk, is unknown. Some historical sources are considered the very first mention of the solar clock. Message about them in the manuscript of the Chinese Chiu-Pi period of about 1100 BC. .). In his manuscript, he reported in his native language that with their help the Chinese easily installed the summer and winter height of the sun. The oldest of the preserved written documents on the solar clock dated 732 BC, we find in the Bible, in the twentieth chapter of the book of kingdoms. Under the sun hours, Aha-for here is understood by the Obelisk Sunclock of Tsar Ahaz, who lived about 732 BC. Detection of the ancient Egyptian sunny hours of XIII and XV centuries. BC. It indicates that the actual period of the solar clock has been much earlier than it follows from the written monuments known to now.

Usually lead the date of 3,500 before our era. It was then that Babylonians were the first to come up with a sundial: a small rod began to strengthen on a flat board (or hemisphere), separated by lines - this was the dial of the sun's clockwork, and the shadow from the rod served as a clockwise. Simply? Of course. Related for that time? Yes. Only everyone understands one drawback - all this is good only during the day and in more or less sunny weather ...

Well, at night, the sundial replaced Klepsidra ("Tasting of Water") - so in Greece they called water watches borrowed from Babylon or Egypt. And in China they were even earlier. It was first a simple metallic or clay, and then a glass vessel, which was filled with water. Slowly, the drop behind the water flowed down the water, the level of it dropped and the division on the vessel indicated, which is an hour.

And by the way, they never thought, why on ordinary clock arrows go, what is called "clockwise" (puns;))? And because the solar shadow from the gnomon on the sunny clutch also goes in the same direction. Therefore, modern hours and adopted this movement from their ancestors. But if the sundial would be invented in the southern hemisphere, everything would be the opposite. Healthy!

Arab astronomers (, , ) left extensive treatises forgnomony , or art build a sundial. The grounds were the rules of trigonometry

In the Middle Ages, many were engaged in the gnomony. Having lived at the beginning of the XVI.Münster He was recognized by the "Father of the Gnomonics".

Gnomon, vertical obelisk with a scale applied on Earth, was the first sunny clock, measured by the time of the discarded shadow. That the Egyptians these obeliski served simultaneously to reveal the cult of the God of the Sun, they say the records of ancient writers. These sacred obelisses were as a rule, in front of the entrances to the temples .. The first obelisks intended in Egypt to measure time were built, in all likelihood, already in the XIV century. BC. Until now, such an obelisk is 35.5 m high on Sv. Peter in Rome, who was delivered there in 38 g. Caligule from Heliopolis.

Egyptian gnons were very inaccurate chronometric devices. They showed time correctly only twice a year - in the days of spring and autumn equinox. Later under the influence of the Greeks, the Egyptians began to build a sundial with special scales for different months.

However, we take into account that with the domination of the agricultural building and handicraft equipment (whether in the ancient world or in the Middle Ages) there was no need to share time for small segments and accurately measure them, as now. People determined the time on the natural lighting of the sun, long summer days and short winter, was equally divided by 12 hours, and therefore summer and winter clock were different.

Among the simple people, the custom spread to measure the time of the shadow length of its own body. Knowing the time had very important for the Greek, since, in addition to the deadline for his labor duties, the time indicated the descent of the desired moment to reinforce food and for recreation.

But people were sought, and primitive ways of measuring time with the help of the Sun; Sometimes the only "instrument" for this was a human hand. The first messages about such "clock" refer to the beginning of the XVI century. The left hand rotated the palm up, and her directed up the thumb was performed by the shadow arrow function. Depending on the length of this shade, in comparison with the other fingers, it was possible to approximately determine the time. This simple way to measure time in France, South Germany and some other places was well known even in the XIX century.

Let it not seem to be sundial - archaic knowledge. Let it be more convenient to use a small brilliant dial on your hand, but the sundial built on your dacha (villa, cottage, etc :)) will look very great and will surely cause surprise and admire your neighbors' friends - after all, they have Surely no.

Finally, I found the time to write a sector about creating the solar clock with my own hands. To write this material, I was pushed by valuable comments and directions of Alexander user. At first glance, the creation of sunny hours does not quite relate to the topic of survival. But to understand the principle of operation of the solar clock and constructing several samples, you will better understand the principles of orientation, the definition of geographic coordinates and I.T. And in general, the creation of sunny hours do it yourself is a very exciting occupation. I hope this topic will be interested in a wide circle of readers of our site.

As you know, the sundial is one of the most ancient scientific tools used by our ancestors to determine the time. We also, by directly determining the time, are interested in an understanding of the principles of work hours, which are built on the principles of orientation. There are a great many types of sun hours. Let's try to consider some of them.

In the simplest form, the sundial is made up of a gnomon, folding the shadow from the sun on the dial. The shadow works by analogy with an arrow in ordinary hours. In the same principle, improvised gnomom is used to determine the geographical latitude and longitude, where the definition of solar time and local noon is required.

Sunclock show no local average, but a true sunny. If you want to see the local time, then it is necessary to adjust and shift the values \u200b\u200bof the dial. Since the true noon can per hour different from the local one. The guidance of the correct time definition is properly oriented in the space space.

If the gnomon is perpendicular to the plane of the dial and is directed to the world pole, that is, in parallel the axis of the world, then the shadow drops from it will fall into the plane of the hourly circle. In other words, the plane of the dial will be the parallel plane of the equator. The resulting angle between the plane of the hourly circle and the meridian will be a true sunny time expressed in degrees.

Watch divisions are evenly applied to the dial every 15 °, based on the fact that 1 hour in the angular dimension is 15 °. It is such a segment that the Earth passes for 1 hour of its rotation. In the horizontal plane, the equatorial clock should be installed exactly to the true north for the northern hemisphere, and on the contrary for the southern hemisphere. Moreover, the dial for the southern hemisphere will have a mirror copy of the North. For Russia, still relevant first option.

The compass for finding the North-South line to use is not entirely correct, since the competent direction north is different from the true magnetic decline, which can reach 7-8 °, which will be an error before half an hour. Although it is possible to learn magnetic declination along topographic map of the area and calculate this amount at the moment. It is necessary to determine the true noon of the terrain, then the shadow from the gnomon will indicate the true north.

The advantage of equatorial clock is the simplicity of manufacturing and uniformity of the calibration of the dial. The main disadvantage of equatorial sunny hours, in contrast to other types, is the limited application - they will work only in the period between the spring and autumn equinox. For the northern hemisphere, a spring equinox - in March, autumn - in September.

The above-mentioned equatorial sunny layout allows you to use them virtually no limit, due to the dial on the reverse side.

Northern Hemisphere - June 1:00 PM Northern Hemisphere - December 11:00 AM

Equatorial sunny clock layout for self-making can be downloaded here

All you need is to print on the printer layout on an original scale on thick paper, or stick to cardboard, or thin plastic. Check the scale of the printed layout of the solar clock can be a ruler by an inch on one of the sheets. In the archive, Equatorial clock 3 sizes for the Northern and South Hemispheres. Choose the one you like, but the larger size is more visually and accurate. It is also necessary to find a rod for the manufacture of gnomon.

After gluing the layout, the clock must be positioned along the true afternoon line and set the breadth of the rear. And it is not even necessary to calculate the angle of inclination of the dial according to the formula 90 ° -φ, where φ is a latitude. Just connect the opposite part of the gnomon with the value of the latitude of your area. And you can enjoy an ancient way to measure time))

In contrast to the equatorial sun hours, the horizontal dial is located parallel to the horizon plane. Therefore, the dial is touched unevenly. After a day, the shadow every next hour turns to a larger corner. As a rule, at horizontal clocks, the gnomon is made in the form of a track with a party directed to the pole of the world, that is, the angle between it and the plane of the dial will be equal to geographic latitude.

Simple but an interesting layout of horizontal solar clock I have not yet found.

Another type of simple sunny clock. A feature is the location of the dial line towards the West - East. All you need is to print the layout, stick to the cardboard, and set the angle of inclination of the dial with a gnomon in the latitude of your area using the scale applied to the opposite direction of the clock.