Lesson-auction "Scientific knowledge" presentation to the lesson in social studies (grade 10) on the topic. Levels of scientific knowledge Forms and methods of scientific knowledge presentation

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Chapter 3. Methods of the empirical level of scientific knowledge. 3.1 Observation.

Observation Unambiguity of purpose, design Consistency in observation methods Objectivity Possibility of control

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Chapter 3.3.2 Experiment.

Experiment Qualitative Measuring (quantitative) Social Mental

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Chapter 3.3.3 Facts, analysis, synthesis.

Facts Analysis Synthesis

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Chapter 4. Methods theoretical level of scientific knowledge.

Abstraction Analogy Modeling Subject Analog Signed Mental Model experiment Deduction Induction

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Chapter 4. 4.1 Research method.

Research method (systematic approach) Studying the phenomenon of integrity and establishing the composition of the whole, its elements; Investigation of the laws governing the connection of elements into a system, i.e. the structure of the object, which forms the core of the systems approach; In close connection with the study of the structure, it is necessary to study the functions of the system and its components, i.e. structural - functional analysis of the system; Investigation of the genesis of the system, its boundaries and connections with other systems.

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Chapter 5. Forms of scientific knowledge

Theory is the most developed form of scientific knowledge, which gives a holistic reflection of the natural and essential connections of a certain area of ​​reality.

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A problem is a form of knowledge, the content of which is something that has not yet been cognized by man, but that needs to be cognized.

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A hypothesis is a form of knowledge that contains an assumption formulated on the basis of a number of facts, the true meaning of which is not determined and needs to be proven.

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Self-test tests

In scientific knowledge, two levels are distinguished: 1) empirical and theoretical; 2) innovative and reproductive; 3) dialectical and metaphysical; 4) eclectic and monistic. The empirical level of knowledge includes: 1) analysis of facts; 2) putting forward hypotheses; 3) building a picture of the world; 4) construction of the theory. The methods of the theoretical level of knowledge DO NOT include: 1) system approach; 2) experiment; 3) structural and functional analysis; 4) modeling. What are the forms of scientific knowledge.

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Bibliographic list

Alekseev P.V., Panin A.V. Philosophy. Textbook. M., 1997. Ch. XIV Golubintsev V.O., Dantsev A.A., Lyubchenko V.S. "Philosophy for technical universities". Rostov - n / a.: Phoenix, 2001 Spirkin A.G. Philosophy. Textbook. M., 1999. Ch. XII

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KNOWLEDGE

RULES Create a "Joint Stock Company". Choose the president of the joint-stock company, the banker of the joint-stock company. Select a lot (the price corresponds to it). Redeem the lot by depositing funds into the State. Bank. For a correct answer, the amount is doubled, for an incorrect answer, it remains in the bank. "Bankrupts" can take the amount in the State Bank at 50%. For incorrect behavior on the exchange, a fine of $ 100 is charged.

CRITERIA FOR ESTIMATES FOR LESSON 4 1 00 thousand c.u. - "3" 6 1 00 thousand c.u. - "4" 8 1 00 thousand c.u. - "5"

STARTING CAPITAL You have texts on your tables. Read the text and complete the assignments to it. Each correct answer will bring AO $ 200. Each wrong answer is fine - 50 USD.

Ordinary Mythological Philosophical Religious Scientific Artistic-figurative Determine the forms of cognition of the world. Each correct answer is $ 100. Each wrong answer is fine - 50 USD. You can buy the answer from your opponent for 200 USD.

Having received your starting capital, prepare for the auction. If the JSC doubts the correctness of its answer, the other JSC has the right to redeem the answer by giving it 50 USD. more.

"Super" - Tasks 500 500 500 5 00 500 1 500 400 300 200 2 00 2 500 400 300 200 2 00 3 500 400 300 200 2 00 Repayment of the "fine"

Name any two functions of science (scientific knowledge) and give one example of the implementation of each of them.

Give two examples of influence modern science for the development of society

Name and illustrate with examples two features of the empirical level of scientific knowledge

A15. Rational is cognition: 1) through observation 2) direct contact 3) through intuition 4) through thinking

A7. Rational cognition, in contrast to sensory cognition, 1) expands knowledge about the surrounding world 2) forms a visual image of an object 3) is carried out in the form of sensations and perceptions 4) uses logical inferences

A1. Both sensory and rational cognition 1) forms knowledge and ideas about the subject 2) uses logical inferences 3) begins with sensation 4) gives a visual image of the subject

A2. Both religious and scientific knowledge about the world are characterized by the fact that they 1) are objective 2) suggest evidence 3) can be passed from generation to generation 4) are necessary for a person for rational activity

A21. " In green plants owe chlorophyll. " This statement is an example: ordinary knowledge of mythological knowledge empirical knowledge of scientific knowledge

A34. Both religious and scientific knowledge: 1) has an objective character 2) it is necessary for a person for rational activity 3) can be passed on from generation to generation 4) suggests evidence

Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to methods of knowledge. 1) observation of the phenomenon; 2) dissemination of opinion; 3) fiction; 4) mental modeling; 5) conducting an experiment; 6) description of the object.

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, represent methods of the theoretical level of scientific knowledge. 1) logical model; 2) experiment; 3) putting forward a hypothesis; 4) analogy; 5) classification; 6) measurement

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, represent the methods of scientific knowledge of the world. Write down these words (phrases). observation; sensation; judgment; putting forward a hypothesis; conducting an experiment; empirical description.

Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated. 1) knowledge 2) theories 3) legends 4) myths 5) hypotheses

Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated. 1) sensory cognition 2) cognitive activity 3) the subject of cognition 4) the object of cognition 5) rational cognition

Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated. 1) scientific knowledge 2) consistency of knowledge 3) reliance on experiments 4) rationalistic arguments 5) objectivity

B24. Establish a correspondence between the mental processes involved in the process of cognition and their short descriptions... 1) sensation A) "immediate discernment", knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions of its receipt; a kind of insight that comprehends a person who, as a rule, skillfully, persistently and systematically masters one or another area of ​​reality 2) perception B) building on the basis of a combination of his ideas new, previously non-existent images 3) representation C) image, reflection, a copy, a snapshot of a separate property of an object and a phenomenon of the objective world 4) imagination - d) indirect and generalized reflection in the human brain of essential properties, causal relationships and regular connections of things 5) intuition E) "traces" in memory, according to which a person recovers when he needs images of objects and phenomena that once influenced his senses 6) thinking E) a holistic image of an object that affects the senses

1) analysis A) establishing the similarity or difference of objects 2) synthesis B) mental decomposition of an object into its constituent parts 3) comparison C) a form of thought in which, with the help of a connection of concepts, something about something is affirmed or denied 4) the concept D ) the process of thinking, which makes it possible to derive a new judgment from two or more judgments 5) judgment E) thought reflecting objects in their general and essential features 6) inference E) mental unification into a whole of elements dismembered by the analysis

The famous navigator Magellan was looking for the shortest route to India. He used a map that indicated the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, in the place marked on the map, the Magellan Strait was not found. Then he, having studied the descriptions compiled by predecessors, suggested that this strait should be to the south. He explored every bay, every bay - and discovered a strait between the mainland and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. What levels of scientific knowledge are we talking about in this passage? Name any method of scientific knowledge used by Magellan.

AT 7. Set the correspondence: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding one from the second. CHARACTERISTIC OF KNOWLEDGE KIND OF TRUTH 1. Reliable knowledge that does not depend on the opinions and preferences of people A. Objective truth 2. Comprehensive, complete and reliable knowledge about the objective world B. Relative truth 3. Knowledge that gives an approximate and incomplete reflection of reality C. Absolute truth 4 . Limited knowledge about the object at any given moment 5. Information corresponding to the actual state of affairs

The famous designer of railway bridges, Brant, was looking for a solution to the problem for a long time - to throw the bridge over a fairly wide and extremely deep abyss. Erecting supports at the bottom of the abyss or along its edges was out of the question. Exhausted by the vain search for a solution, he went out into the yard to breathe fresh air... It was autumn, and thin autumn cobwebs were in the air. One of them stuck to the inventor's face. Without ceasing to think about his task, he mechanically began to remove the cobweb that was firmly hooked and adhered to his cheek. And then suddenly the thought flashed: if a spider is able to throw a cobweb-bridge across a deep and wide abyss for him, then through similar thin threads, immeasurably stronger (steel), a person could throw a bridge over the abyss? What level of scientific knowledge are we talking about in this passage? What is the method of scientific knowledge used by th Brant?

AT 9. Insert the missing word: "Cognition is ... a reflection or reproduction of reality in the mind of a person." AT 10 . Finish the phrase: "Inference, in which on the basis of the similarity of objects in one respect, a conclusion is made about their similarity in another, is called ...". AT 11 . Finish the phrase: "The mental connection of several judgments and the derivation of a new judgment from them is called ...". AT 12 . Finish the phrase by inserting the phrase: Inferences are inductive, deductive and ... ". B13. Insert the missing word: "Knowledge about society and social phenomena is always loaded with evaluation, therefore, it is ... knowledge."

"Super" - Tasks 1 AO test 2 AO test 3 AO test

1) Not every person can become a subject of scientific knowledge, but the one who has undergone special specialized training necessary for research activities.

2) Scientific knowledge is specifically focused on the discovery of laws and phenomena that are still unknown. The knowledge gained at the same time is substantiated, systemically organized, expressed using an artificial language.

3) In scientific knowledge, a specialized language is used - in comparison with the language of everyday communication, it is characterized by a higher degree of unambiguity of words and expressions, greater compactness, accuracy and consistency of rules.

Specificity of scientific knowledge

4) Scientific knowledge involves the use of specialized tools: special material means (reagents, experimental installations, control devices, etc.), information processing and communication facilities, vehicles, power plants, etc.

5) Scientific knowledge is regulated by a certain set methods and other types of normative knowledge (principles, ideals, norms, etc.).

6) The immediate goal and the highest value of scientific knowledge is objective truth.

7) Scientific knowledge is aimed at predicting future events, states and properties of the objects under study. Science strives to create a reserve of knowledge for future forms of practical development of the world.

The structure of scientific knowledge

Three main levels:

Empirical

Theoretical Metatheoretical

Specificity of empirical knowledge

Empirical research is focused on the study of phenomena and the connections between them.

Empirical research is based on the direct practical interaction of the researcher with the object under study. The means of empirical research include means of observation, measurement and experiment (instruments, experimental installations, special equipment and premises, etc.).

Specificity of theoretical knowledge

At the level of theoretical knowledge, the essential connections of the object are singled out in a pure form. The essence of an object is the interaction of a number of laws that govern the object.

direct practical interaction with objects; the object is studied indirectly. This is achieved by presenting the subject of research in the form of a system of abstract ideal objects, in which the phenomena and processes of interest to the researcher are presented in their pure form by excluding the real conditions of their existence (for example, a material point in mechanics, an absolutely rigid body in physics, an ideal gas in thermodynamics, almost all mathematical objects).

Specificity of metatheoretical cognition

All the diversity of knowledge is combined into integrity. This is provided not only by the relationship between the metatheoretical foundations of science (the scientific picture of the world, ideals and norms scientific research, philosophical foundations of science). The metatheoretical foundations of science are the backbone block of scientific knowledge.

Functions of the metatheoretical foundations of science:

Determination of the strategy of scientific search in a certain historical era, taking into account the dominant type of scientific rationality;

Systematization of available scientific knowledge;

Ensuring the inclusion of scientific knowledge in the culture of the corresponding historical era.

Forms of empirical knowledge

Observation data- reflect the very presence of the objects under study, their properties, types of relations with other objects in

providing for the statement of reliable, objective information. The transition from observation data to empirical fact involves the following operations:

Finding stable content in the observation data;

The need to interpret the stable content revealed in the observations.

Forms of theoretical knowledge

A problem is a form of theoretical knowledge, the content of which is a contradictory situation in the field of scientific knowledge that requires a solution.

A hypothesis is a form of theoretical knowledge containing a scientific assumption about the essential characteristics and deep necessary connections of the studied phenomena and processes.

Theory is a form of scientific knowledge that contains generalizing abstract constructs and a set of concepts and laws that reproduce an object in the form of a structured set of idealized objects and their relationships in a certain way.

Forms of metatheoretical knowledge

Scientific picture of the world- a form of scientific knowledge, expressing the features of the systemic organization of the investigated reality. It is formed as a result of the synthesis of knowledge obtained in various sciences, and contains general ideas about the world, developed at the corresponding stages of the development of science.

Ideals and norms of scientific research ... They express the value and target attitudes of science, answering the questions: what are these or those cognitive actions for, what type of knowledge should be obtained as a result, in what way to obtain this knowledge.

Philosophical foundations of science. They include philosophical ideas and principles that substantiate both the ideals and norms of science, as well as meaningful representations of the scientific picture of the world, and also ensure the inclusion of scientific knowledge in culture. These are primarily representations

O general prerequisites and general direction

cognitive processes.

The concept of the method of scientific knowledge

A method is a combination of various techniques, operations and means of practical and theoretical assimilation of reality.

The scientific method is characterized by the following features:

1) clarity or general availability;

2) lack of spontaneity in application;

4) fruitfulness or the ability to achieve not only the intended, but also no less significant side results;

5) reliability or ability to provide the desired result with a high degree of certainty;

6) economy or the ability to give results with the least cost of money and time.

Scientific knowledge, its forms and methods Social studies lesson grade 10. Profile level. The presentation was prepared by: teacher of social studies Khokhlova E.L. Scientific knowledge, its forms and methods.

Scientific knowledge, its forms and methods.

Scientific knowledge

• Science today is the main form of human knowledge. It differs from ordinary knowledge.

Scientific knowledge 1) a type of cognitive activity aimed at obtaining objective, knowledge about nature, society and thinking. 2) cognition aimed at the discovery of objective laws on the basis of generalization of real facts in their relationship.

Principles of Scientific Knowledge

• systematic

• evidence

• reproducibility
• results

• objectivity

• verifiability

• study
• properties,
• connections,
• relations

• cognition

• 1. Striving for maximum objectivity in the study of objects and phenomena.
• 2. The scientific language is used to record the acquired knowledge.
• 3. Scientific knowledge is used not only today, but also calculated for the future.

• 1. Cognitive - explanatory: science learns and explains the laws of the surrounding world.
• 2. World outlook - allows you to build an integral system of knowledge about the world.
• 3. Predictive - science helps not only to know and change the world, but also to predict the consequences of these changes.

• Scientists distinguish 2 levels of scientific knowledge:
• 1. Empirical
• 2. Theoretical

• Its task is to describe the studied objects and phenomena.
• Methods:
• 1. Observation
• 2. Description
• 3. Experiment
• 4. Simulation

• Observation is a purposeful study of individual objects and phenomena, in the course of which knowledge is obtained about the external properties and characteristics of the objects under study. Observation relies on sensation, perception, representation.

• Description is a record of information obtained in the course of observation.

• An experiment is a research method that takes place under strictly defined conditions, which often occur artificially.

• Modeling is used when it is difficult to conduct an experiment (high material costs, environmental threat). In this case, a model of an object or phenomenon is created.
• To date, computer modeling has become widespread.

• At this stage, the explanation of the studied objects or phenomena takes place. The knowledge gained is recorded in the form of concepts, scientific theories and laws.
• Methods:
• 1. Putting forward scientific hypotheses
• 2. Formulation of scientific theories.

• A hypothesis is an assumption with the help of which they try to explain facts that do not fit into the framework of previous teachings.
• On the basis of hypothesis testing, scientific theories are built.

• This is a logical explanation of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world.

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Criteria for the scientific character of knowledge: 1. Objectivity, reliability. Scientific knowledge must correspond to real processes, that is, it must be true. 2. Evidence, validity. Knowledge, which is the result of scientific knowledge, must be scientifically proven, substantiated. Empirical facts and logical arguments can serve as justification.

3. Experienced verifiability and repeatability of results. 4. Expressiveness in concepts. Scientific knowledge should be expressed in a system of definite concepts developed by a given science. 5. Consistency. Scientific knowledge must be consistent with a certain concept prevailing in science or serve as the basis for the formation of a new concept. 6. Ability to develop, that is, the potential of knowledge to generate new knowledge.

Question 2. Trends in the development of modern scientific knowledge 1. Deep differentiation and integration of scientific knowledge. Differentiation is the process of the formation of new sciences, the separation of specific subjects of scientific research from the traditional sciences. Integration is the process of combining sciences into a system, the formation of synthetic sciences that provide a comprehensive study of the object of science.

2. Mathematization of modern science. The philosophical basis of mathematization is an increase in the degree of abstractness of scientific knowledge, the desire to analyze quantitative characteristics. 3. Acceleration of the development of scientific knowledge: in ten years the volume of scientific information doubles, the number of people employed in science increases. 4. The structure of scientific knowledge is changing qualitatively: philosophical theory (metatheory) and methodology, the logic of science acquire the main significance in scientific knowledge.

Question 4. Methods and forms of scientific knowledge Method (Greek methodos - path, research) - a method, a set of rules, methods of obtaining new knowledge. Special (private) methods - methods that are used in special sciences (spectral analysis, statistical method, the method of tagged atoms, etc.). General scientific methods - methods that are used in all sciences. Universal (general) methodological principles - a set of requirements, the fulfillment of which is necessary for scientific research.

Methods of scientific knowledge Methodology of science examines general scientific methods that are used at the empirical and theoretical levels of research. Empirical Cognition Methods - Observation and Experiment. Methods of the theoretical level of research - analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction, - analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction, deduction, analogy, modeling, mathematical methods, systemic method, etc.

Philosophical (general) principles of scientific research 1. The principle of objectivity. 2. The principle of development. 3. The principle of universal communication (consistency). 4. The principle of internal inconsistency. 5. The principle of the relationship between quantitative and qualitative characteristics. 6. The principle of the concreteness of truth.

Forms of the empirical level of scientific knowledge A scientific fact (lat. Faktum - accomplished, done) is the empirical basis of science. Fact - sides perceived by a person and fixed in any form, moments of reality. A phenomenon becomes a scientific fact if it is fixed, that is, the content of this phenomenon, the conditions (time, place) of its existence are indicated.

Forms of the theoretical level of scientific knowledge A scientific problem (Greek Problemma - task, task) is a form of knowledge, the content of which is that which has not yet been cognized by man, but that needs to be cognized. This is knowledge of ignorance, a question that has arisen in the course of knowledge and requires an answer.

A hypothesis is a scientific assumption put forward on the basis of accumulated scientific facts and explaining new facts that do not fit into the old theory. Hypothetical knowledge is probabilistic in nature and requires verification and justification. Scientific theory is a grounded, logically consistent system of scientific knowledge that explains the nature of the functioning and development of an object.