Great buildings of the Soviet Union. Construction of the USSR Construction 30 years in the USSR
Construction in the Soviet Union were large-scale as the ambitions of this state. Nevertheless, no one ever thought about human fate in the USSR.
Algemb: about 35,000 people died!
The most cruel ruler of the Soviet Union is traditionally considered to be Stalin, violating Ilyich's covenants. It is him attributing to the creation of a network of camps (GULAG), it was he who was the initiator of the construction of a whitehouse forces by prisoners. The fact that one of the first buildings took place under the immediate leadership of Lenin, somehow forget. And it is not surprising: all materials that had attracted to the algemb - the first attempt of young Soviet power to acquire their own oil pipeline, were classified for a long time.
In December 1919, the Army Frunze with the battle captured the Embune oilfields in Northern Kazakhstan. By the time there were accumulated more than 14 million in oil pounds. This oil could be a salvation for the Soviet Republic. On December 24, 1919, the Council of the Workers' and Peasant Defense decided to start the construction of the railway, which could be taken out of oil from Kazakhstan to the center, and ordered: "Recognize the construction of the Broadband line of Alexandrov Gai-Emba to the operational task." The city of Alexandrov Guy, which was 300 km from Saratov, was the last railway. The distance from it to petroleum crafts was about 500 miles. Most of the path ran through anhydrous solonchak steppes. The highway decided to build both two ends at the same time and meet on the Ural River at the village of Greeschikovo.
The first for the construction of the railway was thrown by the Army Frunze (despite his protests). There was no transport, no fuel, nor enough food. In the conditions of anhydrous steppe there was no place to even place the soldiers. Began the cooking diseases, grew into the epidemic. A local population was connected to the construction of a compulsory population: about forty-five thousand residents of Saratov and Samara. People practically handed the mound at which the rails should be laid later.
In March 1920, the task was even more complicated: it was decided to pull the pipeline in parallel with the railway. It was then that for the first time the word "Algemb" (from the first letters of Alexandrov Guy and the names of the EMBA field) sounded. Pipes, like all the rest, was not. The only plant that once was engaged in release, long ago stood. On warehouses collected the remnants, they were enough at best by 15 miles (and it was necessary to pave 500!).
Lenin began to look for an alternative solution. At first it was proposed to produce wooden pipes. Experts only divided their hands: First, it is impossible to maintain the necessary pressure, secondly, there are no own forests in Kazakhstan, we have nowhere to take the wood. Then it was decided to disassemble the plots of existing pipelines. The pipes were very different in length and diameter, but it was not embarrassed by the Bolsheviks. Another confused: the "spare parts" collected still lacked even half of the pipeline! However, the works continued.
By the end of 1920, the construction began to choke. Tifu carried out several hundred people per day. Along the route put the security, because the locals began to take the sleepers. Workers generally refused to go to work. Food solders were extremely low (especially in the Kazakhstani section).
Lenin demanded to figure out the causes of sabotage. But there was no permit and in risen. Hunger, cold and disease collected a terrible tribute among builders. In 1921, Cholera came to the construction site. Despite the courage of doctors voluntarily arrived at the algemb, mortality was terrifying. But the worst thing was different: four months after the start of the construction of the algemb, already in April 1920, liberated Baku and Grozny. Embune oil was no longer needed. Thousands of lives brought by the construction site were in vain.
It was possible then to stop senseless operation on laying the algemb. But Lenin stubbornly insisted on the continuation of the construction, which accounted for the state is belly expensive. In 1920, the government allocated on this construction billion rubles in cash. Nobody has ever received a full report, but there is an assumption that the funds are assisted in foreign accounts. Neither the railway nor the pipeline was built: on October 6, 1921, the construction of Lenin was discontinued. One and a half years of algemb cost thirty-five thousand human lives.
White Coon: 700 deaths per day!
The initiator of the construction of the White Arkanal was Joseph Stalin. The country needs work victories, global accomplishments. And preferably - without excess costs, since the Soviet Union experienced an economic crisis. White Chernoyal should have join the White Sea with the Baltic and open a passage for ships that had previously had to go back the entire Scandinavian peninsula. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an artificial passage between the seas was known in the time of Peter the Great (and the system of wolves across the entire length of the future, Rusichi has long been published). But the method of implementing the project (and Naphthalli Frenkel was appointed head of the construction of the canal) was so cruel that he forced historians and publicists to look for parallels in slaveholding states.
The total length of the channel is 227 kilometers. On this water artery there are 19 gateways (13 of which are two-chamber), 15 dams, 49 dams, 12 hydroways. The scale of construction amazing imagination, especially if we consider that all this was built in an incredibly short time: 20 months and 10 days. For comparison: 80-kilometer Panaman channel was built 28 years old, and the 160-kilometer Suez was ten.
White-to-the year from the beginning and to the end was built by prisoners. Convicted designers created drawings, found extraordinary technical solutions (dictated by the absence of machines and materials). Those who have not been suitable for the design of education, day and night were performed on the digging of the channel, in the belt in liquid dirt, customized not only by the supervises, but also members of their brigade: those who did not perform the norm reduced the already meant diet. So there was one road: in Concrete (the dead on the Belownalon were not buried, but just fell asleep as it fell into the pits, which were then poured concrete and served the bottom of the channel).
The main workers of labor on construction were a car, sledgehammer, a shovel, an ax and a wooden crane to move boulders. Prisoners, without preparing the unbearable conditions of content and unbearable work, were dying hundreds. At times, the mortality rate reached 700 per day. And at this time, the newspapers printed the editors dedicated to the "deliverance work" of mothers of recidivists and political criminals. Of course, it did not cost without an advertisement and odoring. The channel channel was made smaller than was calculated in the project, and the beginning of the construction project was postponed by 1932 (in fact, work began a year earlier).
About 280 thousand prisoners took part in the construction of the canal, of which about 100 thousand died. The remaining alive (every sixth) reduced the deadlines of the dissection, and some were even presented by the "Order of the Baltic-Belomorsk Channel". The bosses of the OGPU in full formation was awarded orders. Stalin, who visited the opened canal at the end of July 1933, was pleased. The system has shown its effectiveness. The snag was only in one: the reduction of the deadlines earned the most physically strong and efficient zacks.
In 1938, Stalin at a meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR raised the question: "Did you suggest a list of the liberation of these prisoners? They go home from work ... We do bad that you break the work of the camps. The liberation of these people, of course, is necessary, but from the point of view of state economy it is bad ... The best people will be released, and the worst remains. Is it possible to turn differently that these people remain at work - awards to give, orders, maybe? .. "But, fortunately for prisoners, such a decision was not taken: it would be too strange to look the ZEK with a government award on Rob ...
BAM: 1 meter - 1 Human life!
In 1948, with the beginning of the construction of the subsequent "great buildings of communism" (Volga-Don Canal, the Volga-Baltic Waterway, Kuibyshev and Stalingrad HPP and other facilities), the authorities have already taken advantage of the proven way: built major corrective labor camps that served construction sites. And find those who fill the vacancies of slaves was simple. Only by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of June 4, 1947 "On criminal responsibility for the embezzlement of state and public property" hundreds of thousands of people fell into the zone. The work of the sebah was used in the most time-consuming and "harmful" industries.
In 1951, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR S.N. Kruglov reported at the meeting: "I have to say that in a number of sectors of the national economy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs occupies a monopoly position, for example, the gold mining industry - it is all focused on us; The production of diamonds, silver, platinum - all this is entirely focused in the Ministry of Internal Affairs; The extraction of asbestos and apatite - entirely in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At 100%, we participate in the production of tin, 80% of the specific gravity occupies the Ministry of Internal Affairs on non-ferrous metals ... "The minister did not mention only one thing: 100% of radium in the country also produced prisoners.
The greatest Komsomol construction site in the world - the Bam, about which the songs were made, filmed films, wrote enthusiastic articles - began at all with a call to young people. For the construction of a railway, which was to connect Taishet on the Transsibe with Komsomolsky-on-Amur, in 1934 were directed to the prisoners who built a whitehouse. According to the "Gulagu's Handbook" of Jacques Rossi (and this is the most objective book about the camp system) at the BAM in the 1950s, about 50 thousand prisoners worked.
Especially for the needs of the construction site created a new camp for prisoners - Bamgra, whose zone extended from Chita to Khabarovsk. The daily diet was traditionally scant: a bunch of bread and pussy from fish ice cream. Barakov did not have enough. People died from the cold and Qinggi (to at least pull the approach of this terrible disease for a while, chewed a pine chew). For several years, more than 2.5 thousand kilometers of the railway were built. Historians calculated: each meter of Bama was paid by one human life.
The official history of the construction of the Baikal-Amur highway began in 1974, in Brezhnev times. Echelons with young people stretched on the BAM. The prisoners continued to work, but their participation in the "Building of the Century" was silent. And in ten years, in 1984, the Golden Crutch was driven, symbolizing the end of another giant construction site, which is still associated with smiling young romantics, not afraid of difficulties.
The named buildings have a lot in common: and the fact that the projects have been difficult to determine (in particular, Bam and Belownalokanal thought even in Tsarist Russia, but for lack of budgetary funds lay down "under Sukno"), and the fact that the work was carried out with minimal technical support, And the fact that slaves were used instead of workers (otherwise the position of the builders is difficult to call). But, perhaps, the most terrible overall feature is that all these roads (and land, and aqueous) are multi-kilometer fraternal graves. When you read dry statistical calculations, Nekrasovskoe is remembered: "And on the sides, all the bones of the Russians. How many of them, Vanya, do you know? "
(The material is taken: "100 famous mysteries of history" MA Pankov, I.Yu. Romanenko et al.).
what are the major construction sites of the 30s of the XX century in Russia ?? And got the best answer
Answer from Irina [Guru]
Industrialization is the process of creating a large, technically developed industry, primarily industries that produce implements and means of production. The course for industrialization was adopted at the XIV Congress of the WCP (b) in December 1925. The congress set the task of turning the USSR from the country, importing machine and equipment, into the country producing them, and on this basis to achieve technical and economic independence of the Soviet Union from capitalist countries.
In 1927, the XV CSP congress (b) approved directives for the preparation of the first five-year plan.
The most important buildings of the first five-year plan were Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsky metallurgical plant, Stalingrad and Kharkov Tractor plants, automotive plants in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod.
The second five-year plan (1933 - 1937) was approved in 1934 at the XVII Congress of WCP (b).
The most important construction sites of the second five-year plan: the completion of the construction of the Ural-Kuznetsky plant is the main coal and metallurgical base in the east of the country, the Ural and Kramatorsky plants of heavy engineering, etc. In Moscow, in 1935, the first metro line was opened. New industrial areas were created in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus and in Transcaucasia, in Central Asia and in the Far East. There was a significant school construction. In just the years of the second five-year plan, 4500 large industrial enterprises were built.
The third five-year plan (1938 - 1942) was approved at the XVIII CVP congress (b) in March 1939. She was interrupted by the German attack on the USSR and, therefore, was not completed.
In total, in just five years, 9 thousand large industrial enterprises were built. Industrialization led to a significant increase in the working class (from 9 million in 1928 to 24 million in 1940) and engineering and technical intelligentsia. A number of new cities appeared on the country's map: Magnitogorsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Novokuznetsk, etc.
Read more Read more
Answer from Polina Pashkova[newcomer]
The first metro stations.
Answer from Bullbott Ooo.[guru]
In the 30s of the last 7th, the country formed a powerful industry. Such significant industrial enterprises as the Ural Machine-Building Plant were built. Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant, Gorky Automotive factory.
The plan of Goello was performed, and this is the construction of the Dnieper hydroelectric power station. This was the largest building in Europe - the power of the first stage of the HPP was 650 thousand kilowatt - the whole country was erected. In the early 1930s, industrial enterprises were created in all union republics. This is the construction of the Turkestan-Siberian Railway "(1930)," Construction of the dam name on May 1 on the Zeravshan River in the Uzbek SSR "(1930), the development of oilfields in Baku" (1935). The creation of the modern industry in all union republics was of great importance to eliminate the actual backwardness of peoples, ensuring comprehensive progress in their development.
In 1928 - 1941, 9 thousand industrial enterprises were built in the USSR.
Answer from 3 response[guru]
Great buildings
The party, the country took up difficult work on the implementation of the "five-year plan", as shrondely began to call the plan. A whole constellation of construction sites arose both in the old industrial areas and in new promising areas where there was no choice before or almost no industry. There was a reconstruction of old plants in Moscow, Leningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, in the Donbas: they were expanded and equipped with new imported equipment. Completely new enterprises were built, they were conceived largely and in the calculation of the most modern technique; Construction was carried out often on projects ordered abroad: in America, Germany. The plan gave priority to the sectors of the heavy industry: fuel, metallurgical, chemical, electric power, as well as mechanical engineering as a whole, that is, the sector who is called upon to make the USSR technically independent, in other words capable of producing their own cars. For these industries and gigantic construction sites were created, enterprises raised with which forever will be associated with the memory of the first five-year plan, which will say the whole country, the whole world: Stalingrad and Chelyabinsk, and then Kharkov Tractor plants, huge heavy engineering plants in Sverdlovsk and Kramatorsk, car factories in Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow, the first ball bearings plant, chemical combines in Barrik and Berezniki.
The most famous among new buildings were two metallurgical combine: Magnitogorsky - in the Urals and Kuznetsky - in Western Siberia.. The decision on their construction was made after a long and acute disputes between the Ukrainian and Siberian-Ural leaders, which began in 1926 and tightened until the end of 1929, the first emphasized that the expansion of existing metallurgical enterprises in the south of the country would require less expenses; The second is the prospect of the industrial transformation of the Soviet East. Finally, the considerations of military order bowed the scales in favor of the second. In 1930, the decision received a detailed large-scale nature - the creation in Russia along with the Southern "Second Industrial Base", the "Second Coal Metallurgical Center". The fuel was to serve the coal of Kuzbass, and the ore is delivered from the Urals, from the subsoil of the famous mountain magnetic, which gave the city of Magnitogorsk. The distance between the two points was 2 thousand km. Long railway formulations were to make shuttle flights from one to another, carrying ore in one direction and coal in the opposite. The question of expenses related to all this was not taken into account, since it was about creating a new powerful industrial area remote from borders and, therefore, protected from the threat of an attack from the outside.
Many enterprises, starting with two metallurgia colosue, were built in a naked steppe or, in any case, in places where there was no infrastructure, outside or at all away from settlements. Apatite mines in hibines, designed to give raw materials for the production of superphosphate, were placed in general in the tundra on the Kola Peninsula, behind the polar circle.
The history of the great buildings is unusual and dramatic. They entered the story as one of the most amazing sacrifices of the XX century. Russia lacked experience, specialists, technology for the work of such a scope. Tens of thousands of people were taken to build, practically counting only on their own hands. Shovels they dug the ground, loaded it on wooden wagons - famous strokes that endlessly stretched back and forth in front of the morning. An eyewitness says: "There were a construction site formed an anthill ... In the clouds of dust, thousands of people, horses worked and even ... camels." At first, the builders juts in tents, then in wooden barracks: 80 people in each, less than 2 square meters. m per soul.
On the construction of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant was first decided to continue construction and winter. It was necessary to hurry. Therefore, it was also worked at 20, 30, 40 degrees of frost. In the eyes of foreign consultants, sometimes admiring, but more often skeptically related to this picture, which they perceived primarily as the spectacle of the Grand Chaos, was established expensive and the most modern equipment bought abroad.
One of the leading participants is so recalling the birth of the first Stalingrad Tractor Plant: "Even those who saw this time with their own eyes, it is not easy to remember now how it looked. People are no feeling at all, it is impossible to imagine everything that rises from the pages of the old book. One of the chapters is called this: "Yes, we broke the machines." L. Makaryantz wrote this chapter - the Komsomolets, a worker who came to Stalingrad from the Moscow Plant. Even for him there were divamissions without belt transmissions, with an individual engine. He did not know how to contact them. And what to talk about the peasants who came from the village? There were illiterate - to read and write a problem for them. Everything was then a problem. There were no spoons in the dining room ... There were a problem of bugs in a barrack ... " But what was written by the first director of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant in the book, published in the early 1930s: "In a mechanical workshop, I went to the guy who stood on the grille of the sleeves. I suggested that "dumb". He began to measure his fingers ... we did not have a measurement tool. " In short, it was rather a mass assault, rather than a systematic work. Under these conditions, the acts of dedication, personal courage, fearlessness were numerous, the more heroic, since most of them were destined to remain unknown. There were people who dived into ice water to close the hole; which even with a temperature, without sleep and rest, did not leave the work post for several days; who have not descended from the forests, even to eat, just as soon as possible to go into the progress of the domain ...
Among the Soviet authors who trust the paper today their reflections on the period and evaluating it in accordance with their own ideological preferences, some are inclined to attribute the merit of this impulse of the extraordinary perseverance of the Russian people in the most severe tests, others, on the contrary, hidden energy. The folk masses and the released revolution. Be that as it may, from many memories it is that the idea that in a short time the price of exhaustful heavy efforts can be created as a short time, that is, the socialist, future. This was stated on rallies. At the meetings recalled the feces of fathers in 1917-1920. And they called on young people to "overcome all the difficulties" for the sake of laying the foundation of the "bright building of socialism". At the time when the crisis was played throughout the rest of the world, "youth and workers in Russia, as one English banker noted," they lived with the hope, which, unfortunately, so lacks today in capitalist countries. " Such collective feelings are not born by spontaneous reproduction. Undoubtedly, you can cause and maintain a similar wave of enthusiasm and confidence in itself a considerable merit; And this merit belonged to the party and the Stalinist current, which from now on completely managed by it. It is impossible to refuse Stalin's reasoning, when he in June 1930 at the XVI CVP congress (b) stated, in fact, issuing his innermost idea that, not be the idea of \u200b\u200b"socialism in one country," this impulse would not be possible . "Take away from him (working class. - Approx. ed.)confidence in the possibility of building socialism, and you destroy all the soil for the competition, for labor lifting, for impairment. "
This text is a familiarization fragment. From the book 100 famous symbols of the Soviet era Author Khoroshevsky Andrey Yuryevich From the book History of France through the eyes of San Antonio, or Berry through the century author Dar Frederick From the book Cold World. Stalin and the completion of Stalin's dictatorship Author Glevnuk Oleg VitalevichBudget overheating. The arms race and the "construction of communism" of the characteristic feature of the Stalinist model was the preemptive development of the heavy industry and the forced extension of capital investments, periodically go beyond the economic
From the book History of Russia. XX century Author Alexander Balkhanov§ 7. The decline in prices and the "Great Communism Construction Communism" the psychological impact of repression on the society, which pursues the purpose of paralysis of the collective ability to resist, is based on not less on the principle of selectivity of terror, no matter how large-scale the one.
From the book 50 famous puzzles of the history of the 20th century Author Rudicheva Irina Anatolyevna"Algemb" and other bloody construction sites The construction of grandiose structures is always associated with huge material costs and human losses. But many great construction sites of the Soviet Union were bloody in the full sense of the word. And if about construction
From the book History of the Persian Empire Author Almster Albert.Construction of Artaxerks Artaxerxes approached the end of his long and, despite numerous uprisings, quite a successful rule. Most of his wealth went to construction. At the beginning of his reign, he restored the Palace of Darius I in the sow, destroyed
From the book 50 of the famous royal dynasties Author Sklyarenko Valentina MarkovnaThe great mogolas dynasty of state rulers arising in the territory of Northern India and Afghanistan in the XVI century after the conquest of the ruler Kabul of the Delia Sultanate. In the XVIII century, the Empire of the Great Mughals broke up into a number of states, most of which at the end of the XVIII -
From the book of the Livonian campaign of Ivan Grozny. 1570-1582. Author Novodvorsky Vitold VyacheslavovichV. Great Luke Meanwhile, the king did not think about peace negotiations, but about the continuation of the war. If he suspended hostilities at the end of 1579, then it did it as necessary and mainly due to the lack of financial resources. The cost of the first campaign was
From the book ancient cities and biblical archeology. Monograph Author Oparin Alexey Anatolyevich From the book of the Turkish Empire. Great civilization Author Rakhmanaliev RubestaGreat hiking in IV century. By the end of the Han dynasty, the South Huns, pushed by Xianby, came to the greater emission of Huanghe, in the fertilization steppes and in the neighboring Alashan, where they were settled. The Southern Huns were performed for the Chinese Empire Functions of the Federated - about the same that they carried out
From the book Baltic Division Stalin Author Petrenko Andrei Ivanovich6. Great Lukes 6.1. Corpus had to take part in the Velinic offensive operation of the Kalininsky front, held from November 24, 1942 to January 20, 1943 by the 3rd strike army and 3rd air Army. The front was tasked - to surround and destroy
From the book of the Relics of the rulers of the world Author Nikolaev Nikolai NikolaevichIII Great Stones Diamond "The Great Mogul" The great mogs adored diamonds, which mostly fell to them from Golconda - the historical region in the center of Industan. Marco Polo in 1298 wrote about this area: "Diamonds are found in this kingdom, and I will tell you a lot of mountains here,
From the book two faces of the East [impressions and reflections from eleven years of work in China and seven years in Japan] Author Ovchinnikov Vsevolod VladimirovichFive objectives of the century of the century half a century ago, I, then the correspondent of "Truth" in China, went from Beijing to the Zahospita town of Ichan. There worked my countrymen - specialists from the Leningrad Institute "Hydroproekt". At their disposal was a boat. We sailed on it
From the book 100 famous symbols of Ukraine Author Khoroshevsky Andrey Yuryevich From the book History of decline. Why the Baltic did not work Author Nosovich Alexander Alexandrovich7. Great Construction of Independence: Geopolitics instead of the economy for victory over the "Great Depression" Roosevelt in the United States built roads, employing in this way the unemployed and creating a transport infrastructure. Large infrastructure
From the book Louis XIV The author B Blych FrancoisBuilding Apollo when the king and courtyard arrive at Versailles on May 6, 1682, the beautiful castle is still "filled with masonry" (97). When they return here on November 16, after staying first in Shambore, and then in Fontaineblo, then settle among the construction site. Despite calmness
The Palace of Soviets is the fruit of the love of the modernist AR-Deco and the harsh Soviet neoclassicism. Developed in the 30s of the last century, the project of this building is impressive by its exterior to this day (though in the pictures). The stations 420-meter Palace of Soviets should have become the highest construction of the world.
Its construction began in 1937 and was sustained in September 1941, when building materials intended for the palace went to military needs. After the war, construction decided not to renew, it was not before.
Chief Turkmen Canal
1950 was marked by the beginning of the Great All-Union Construction. The main Turkmen channel was designed for the purpose of watering and amelioration of dry lands of Turkmenistan, an increase in the seeding areas of cotton, as well as to pave a shipping message between the Volga and Amradea. It was supposed to carry out 25% of the drain of the above-mentioned Amudarya for the dried bed of Uzboy to the city of Krasnovodsk.
The goal is really impressive, especially if you consider that the length of the projected channel was about 1200 km, the width is at least 100 m, the depth is 6-7 m. In addition to the main channel, the network of irrigation channels with a total length of 10,000 km, about 2,000 reservoirs, was also designed. Three HPS. During construction, it was planned to use 5,000 dump trucks, 2000 bulldozers, 2000 excavators, 14 dredgers. The workforce was decided to use prisoners and locals. For 1953, 7268 voltivocities and 10 thousand prisoners were listed at the construction site.
Of course, the above-mentioned means the ruling top is not limited. The whole country worked for this construction, which weekly say the figure of 1000 (!) Cargo cars, which were supplied here from all over the Union every month.
Immediately after the death of the leader, the construction of the CTC was stopped on the initiative of Beria. And then also discontinued for reasons of unprofitability. But by this time, more than 21 billion Soviet rubles were irretrievably spent on the construction of the object, or 2.73 trillion of modern Russian.
Transpolar highway (building 501-503)
The man of the year (1940, 1943) according to the Times magazine (speech about Stalin, if that) did not limit their geography on geographical sign. On his initiative, in the post-war period, from 1947 to 1953, a large construction organization with an uncompressed title "Gulag" worked on a grandiose project - transplanic highway.
The purpose of this construction was to combine the Western North (Murmansk, Arkhangelsk) with the eastern North (Chukotka, the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk).
In view of the extremely compressed terms of construction, the construction was carried out in parallel with the design and survey work, which could not not affect the quality of the railway fabric, approximately 80 thousand people were involved in the construction site, not counting the security. In 1953, the work was stopped, and in 1954 - Their cost is counted: approximately 1.8 billion Soviet rubles.
Sakhalin tunnel (building 506-507)
Another colossal building that interrupted its existence together with the death of Stalin - Sakhalin tunnel.
Starting in 1950 construction according to plan should have finished already in 1955. With the length of the tunnel, 10 km time was more than compressed. From socialism to communism with five-year-old steps! And the country is specifically on this construction feet of more than 27 thousand people. All the same prisoners and over-profiles. And in the spring of 1953 the construction closed.
Rotate Siberian Records
Let's notify immediately: Nobody to unfold the river actually. It was planned only to transfer a part of the drain of some Siberian rivers, such as Ob and Irtysh, in the arid areas of the USSR - for agricultural reasons.
The project has become one of the most ambitious XX century projects. For more than twenty years, 160 scientific and production organizations THE USSR.
The first stage of the work implied the construction of a channel with a length of 2500 km, wide from 130 to 300 m and a depth of 15 m. The second stage was a change in the direction of the Irtysh's flow to 180 degrees. That is, the waters of Irtysh were planned to be sent in the opposite direction using pumping stations, hydrauses and reservoirs.
Of course, this project was not destined to incarnate. Common sense took over the top of the imperial ambitions - Soviet academicians still persuaded the leadership of the country to leave Siberian rivers alone.
Tower Nikitina - Herbal 4000 (project)
In 1966, engineers of Nikitin (by the way, the chief designer of the Ostankino television) and Travs offered a project of the highest skyscraper in the world. And to build it planned in Japan. Theoretically, the skyscraper was magnificent: his height was 4 km! The tower was divided into four mesh sections into a kilometer in length and with a diameter at the base of 800 m. The tower, being on the idea of \u200b\u200ba residential building, had to accommodate up to 500 thousand people.
In 1969, the project work was stopped: the customers suddenly come to know and demanded a reduction in the height of the building to 2 km. Then - up to 550 m. And then they abandoned the tsar tower at all.
Terra-3.
The remains of the structure 41 / 42B with the 5H27 laser locator complex of the 5H76 shooting complex "Terra-3". Photo 2008
"Terra-3" is nothing more than a project of a zonal system of anti-missile and antiquity defense with a radial afflicting element. He is a scientific and experimental shooting laser complex. Work on the "Terra" was conducted from the 60s of the last century. Unfortunately, at the beginning of the 70s, scientists began to understand that their laser power is not enough to shoot down the warheads. Although she knocked his companions, she did not take it away. The project somehow came to no.
Manually started up to 12 km per day, and not by "an average of about 1.5 km per day, and on some days and 4 km."
"Russian miracle" in black sands
Already the intention of the Russian government to pave the railway through the desert of the Karakuma caused a wide international resonance. Moreover, most of both domestic and foreign specialists doubted the implementation of such a project.
American and European newspapers published ironic notes, the authors of which indulgently called the project "Russian Utopia". But the road construction began soon cooled the heat of skeptics: Western press weekly printed reports on the course of work as a hostility. This construction was so extraordinary that it was interested in a science fiction writer Jul Verne. And in 1892 his new novel, "Clodius Bombarnak", describing the journey of the French reporter on the already existing Customer Railway ...
Transport problem
In the second half of the XIX century, Russia controlled significant territories on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. Created by the bridgehead allowed to continue the offensive of the depth of Central Asia, which ended with the accession to the empire of the part of the Khiva, Kokandsky and Bukhara possessions. But the remoteness of this strategically important region from the European part of Russia created difficulties both in the management of the edge and in the protection of new borders. In other words, it was necessary to solve the transport problem. This was strongly requested by St. Petersburg and General Mikhail Skobelev, whose troops in 1880 were preparing for the storming of the Geok-Tepe fortress on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. Without taking it, there was nothing to think about the further promotion of the depth of the Akhaltein oasis.
On July 9, 1880, the emperor ordered "to proceed immediately to the base device and the reserves of the necessary reserves through camels, horses and a decoration of the portable road" and "however, to proceed to detailed research for the device of a permanent railway." And already on July 27, 1880, General Annenkov was instructed to lead the work on the construction of the first stage of the railway from the Mikhailovskaya Bay to Kizil Arvat ...
From Caspian to Kizil-Arvat
In the same, in 1880, the 1st reserve railway battalion was formed, which included 25 officers, 30 engineers and technicians, doctors and representatives of other professions, as well as 1080 lower ranks of various specialties. These were the builders of the first plot of the future Customs Railway. Initially, it was intended to build a decoil system of the decoration system here. However, it was clear that it was unreal: bulk sands, vegans and almost complete lack of water and forage ... Without refusing to the use of "carrying", Annenkov decides on the construction of the steam railway and after 10 days (September 4) the conversion of completion Work. In response, the next highest command was followed, prescribing to continue laying the line to Kizil-Arvat. The overall length of the road from the Mikhailov bay before this point was to be 217 versts (230 kilometers). Exactly a year later (September 4, 1881), the first steam locomotive came to Kizil-Arvat, and from September 20, the regular movement of trains on this route began.
Custinian railway It was built in incredibly complex conditions: she walked through the sandy verakans, salt marshes and steppes, laughed under the scorching sun, lacked water. To accelerate work to military builders, allocated workers from the Russian provinces joined. But they, not accustomed to the hot climate, an emergency and local food, often sick. It was decided to "mobilize" the Armenians from Baku, Shushi and Elizavetpol, easier to carry a hot climate and those who owned Persian and Turkic languages. They helped Russian engineers and techniques to communicate with the Muslim population.
For soldiers of the railway battalion, a special laying train from 27 two-storey wagons was formed. They were adapted not only for housing, they had kitchens and workshops, dining rooms, forge and warehouses, telegraph and medical clubs. Here the construction management item was placed.
All the necessary materials were delivered from Russia to the Mikhailov Bay with steams, then the rails and sleepers were overloaded to special trains. Construction was carried out in high-speed American technology: Trains, pushed back by steam locomotives, approached the place where the crash was already ended. After laying every 100 sison path, the material train moved along the laid line forward, and the work continued. The stock of materials usually grabbed two versts. When they ended, the train went back and became in a specially designated deadlock to skip the next composition with building materials. So managed to lay six mile paths per day. And for delivery to a construction site, less heavy materials used equestrian and camel transport. A special problem was water supply of construction. The water was delivered to the water with special trains and camels transporting it in the bidones.
Most of the expensive road, only occasionally crossed oasis, passed through the clay, salty deserted, sandy desert, sometimes changed by the vegans. Flying sand, ending with place in place, poured and destroyed sleepers, railway fabric, barracks for workers, cropped the equipment. But nothing could stop the General Annenkov, who led the construction site. Mikhail Nikolayevich came up with a new way to fight moving sands: he ordered to plant the bushes of Saksaul along the raised railway route. Annenkov's method was so effective and cost-effective, which was subsequently used to be used in the construction of railways in Algeria, Libya and in the Sahara desert ...
However, the completion of the construction of this site was already carried out without General Annenkov. The war with the teachins continued during construction, so the soldiers of the railway battalion more than once had to take into the hands of weapons. Mikhail Nikolaevich, having received a serious injury in the reconnaissance of the terrain in Yangi Kala, was forced to leave his post. He returned to the strengthening Samurian and, a little greeting, was withdrawn to St. Petersburg, where he received a new appointment: he was prescribed to lead the construction of strategic railways in Polesie.
Kizil-Arvat - Merv - Samarkand
After three years of active exploitation of the road in April 1885, it was decided to continue it to the Amudarya River: on July 12, the same year the first rails from Kizil-Arvat were laid. The construction of the next plot of the highway reiterated Mikhail Annenkov. The pace of work has increased dramatically, already on November 29, the first steam locomotive arrived at Askhabad: in four and a half months 205 miles of the path were laid. In the capital of the Customer, a solemn meeting was arranged to builders of the highway.
But St. Petersburg demanded to speed up the construction. The 1st reserve railway battalion was renamed to the 1st Custinian, and the 2nd Customs Railway Battalion was formed to help him. Already next year, the battalions were united into a single railway brigade and replenished with its special personnel companies.
July 2, 1886 the road reached the city of Merva. When the first Russian train arrived here, in Merve reigned, according to the description of eyewitnesses, celebration and education ... This day the commander of the 2nd Customs Railway Battalion, Colonel Andreev noted the corresponding order, which said: "Today, exactly a year after the start of laying continuation The Customs Military Railway, after a long, urgent and strengthened labor, among any deprivation under the midday heat and in the cold, under the snow and rain, along the laughed by our battalion for 527, the first Russian steam locomotive in the city of Merv, in the depths of Asia, came On the most remote outskirts of our Fatherland and is of particular importance and importance in Central Asia ... From the first days of forming a battalion entrusted to me, an enviable share has fallen out to fulfill an independent task - lay a railway to Asia, through the Custinian Territory and Bukhara to Turkestan. Now, thanks to the general efforts of all the battalion ranks, honestly and conscientiously worked out for this case, the extensive task is already half fulfilled quite successfully, in one year the 527 paths were laid and furnished and decorated in the proper movement of conditions 21 stations, which represents still unparalleled before this time Since neither in Russia, nor in other states, where there are special railway parts of the troops, such extensive tasks were not imposed on them and there were no such results, and the constructed lines abroad had the meaning of only accessible, bypass or connecting pathways of a very minor length ... "(CGVIA, Kushkin Field Rota. Orders in the Turkestan Brigade. Case 21, f. 5873-1, sheets 218-224).
Work continued in incredibly difficult conditions. Particularly difficult was the sandy section between Merv and Chardage. At the slightest dungement, the breeze crests of the verachans began to smoke, with a stronger wind, the contour of the terrain instantly changed. Where there was a sandy hill, a notch was formed, and at the place of the excavation grew a borgon. It happened, did not have time to make a canvas, as he immediately destroyed, the recess was drove, and the mound blew. However, despite such obstacles, the construction of the road went fast.
After completing the most difficult plot of the highway on anhydrous expanses of the Karakum desert, builders on November 30, 1886 reached the Amuree region. By this time, a 27-vest line from the Mikhailovsky Bay was built by the forces of the 1st Customer Railway battalion to a new, more convenient port on Caspians, Uzun Ada, which was from now on the initial paragraph of the Customs Railway.
Earth also belonged to the Bukhara Emirate. The Russian government managed to negotiate with the Emir of the continuation of the construction of the highway on its territory to Samarkand. And immediately before the builders got up the most complex task - the construction of the bridge through the Amu Darya. But General Annenkov coped with her: for 124 days of continuous day and night work, the case was done. Entrepresented Annenkov built a wooden bridge with a length of 2 versts 247 sages. There was no longer a similar length of railway wooden bridges and anywhere else in the world! And therefore, to admire this miracle of construction equipment specially came the largest railway engineers in Europe and America.
And in the summer of 1887, a decree was followed by the 2nd Customer Railway Battalion to begin laying the railway track of Turkestan: from the Bukhara city of Charpäuya to the "Russian" Samarkand. Experience acquired by builders in the Custinian Territory, and carefully produced engineering surveys along the line of a new site gave the opportunity to General M.N. Annenkov hold this work in more favorable conditions. The pace of laying of the canvas increased, and already in the last days February 1888 The first train came to Bukhara. And then it took only a month to bring the cloth to almost the very border of the Emirate ...
The first train, having left Krasnovodsk, more precisely, from Uzun-Hell station, arrived in Samarkand on May 15, 1888 - on the anniversary of the coronation of Emperor Alexander the Third, during the reign of Central Asia to Russia. The completion of such a large-scale project literally struck the entire civilized world: the construction of the railway line was called the construction of the century, which from now on, became referred to as "Russian miracle."
The Custinian Military Railway has become the first experience in building such a scale by the military department. The average cost of each of the 1343 versts from Uzun Ada to Samarkand amounted to only 33,500 rubles. Such a fast and cheap road structure through the sandy steppe and the anhydrous desert space was performed only due to exceptional energy and the heroic work of builders. Hero mentioned above Roman Jules Verne (Alter Ego the author himself) states: "Often they speak of that extraordinary speed, with which the Americans laid the railway path through the plains of the Far West. But it will be known that the Russians are not inferior to them in this respect if they do not even exceed both the speed of construction and the courage of industrial designs. "
The merits of General Annenkov before the Fatherland is truly difficult to overestimate. The construction of the Customs Military Railway cost the Russian government only 43 million rubles. For comparison: no railway, erected in the country, did not fit into such a modest amount. And this despite the fact that anywhere did not have to deal with such difficulties in the delivery of equipment and building materials, the range of their sudden, bulk sand and anhydrous deserts, the scorching sun and hot steppe winds ...
Mikhail Nikolaevich Annenkov (1835-1899) was a hereditary military. His father, Adjutant General Nikolai Nikolayevich distinguished himself during the Polish campaign. Then he was the commander of the Izmailovsky regiment, director of the Office of the Military Ministry. Consistently held posts by the Novorossiysk and Bessarabian Governor General, State Controller, Kiev, Podolsky and Volyn Governor-General. Was a member of the State Council. Mikhail Nikolayevich graduated from the Prazi Corps, then the Academy of General Staff, participated in the pacification of the Polish insurgency. In 1867 published a cycle of articles on the use of railways in military affairs. In 1869, he was produced in Majo-General and appointed head of the movement of troops for all railways of Russia. Its engineering and organizational talent brought much benefit from Fatherland during the Russian-Turkish war. In 1879, Annenkov was produced in Lieutenant-General. Then followed by a business trip to the Turkestan for the construction of the Customer Military Railway. He was the first head of the Department of Military Communications of the Custrian Territory. IN last years Life occupied various responsible posts in Central Russia, in particular, he managed the special management of public works to assist the population affected by the fault ... But the main thing about his life, who did the name of Mikhail Nikolayevich in Annala Fatherland, was, of course, the construction of the Customs Railway .
For the brilliant execution of important and responsible work, completed in such a short time, for flawless honesty and dedication M.N. Annenkov was awarded the diplomas of Emperor Alexander the Third, granted a diamond sign of St. Alexander Nevsky and marched with other Milosts. And in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the existence of the Railway, the grateful Russia erected a monument to his decent son on the Primilar Square Samarkand. On the celebrations on this occasion, more than one hundred officials from various cities of Russia and the same guests from the neighboring areas of Turkestan, local officials, officers and famous citizens were invited to the former capital of the Empire of Timur. Guests from Russia met on the platform of the Samarkand station on October 20. And the next day, with a large crowd of the people in a solemn atmosphere, the opening of the monument to the general was held. He was a gray granite pedestal from a block on which a bust was installed in the neighborhood with a double-headed eagle. On the facade side of the monument, an ornate inscription "General from Infanteria Mikhail Nikolayevich Annenkov, a builder of the Customs Railway, the Builder of the Custinian Military Railway. 1835-1899. On the back of the monument facing the station, contained a brief information: "The Custinian Military Railway is launched on November 25, 1880, 1.5 May 1888". The celebrations ended with a luxurious dinner in a public meeting, data on behalf of the city. Participation in it took 200 invited persons, both non-resident and local. The documents preserved in the archive indicate that the feast it cost an urban execution of 1400 rubles ...
In Soviet times, Bust M.N. Annenkova, a double-headed eagle and both inscriptions were destroyed. At the liberated pedestal in September 1924, they watered the figure of the leader of the world proletariat. Accordingly, a new inscription appeared:
"... Leninism is alive. The ideas of Lenin for us as hard and unshakable, like this rock, on which we perpetuated by Ilyich's memory. We will fulfill Lenin's covenants. " Some time later, the Soviet myth of the construction of this monument was created in the spirit of Stalinsky Agitet: "On the suspension square of the ancient Samarkand, in the sign of the love of the Great Leader V.I. Lenin workers, dehkan, the labor intelligentsia of the city was erected by the majestic monument. On a huge gollet of marble carved from the whole cliff in the Nuratin Mountains, the bronze figure of the leader was installed. "This monument, stood by the seven subsequent decades, was then dismantled ...
