Can Matter leave the horizon of events during the merger of black holes? Astrophysics showed an orbital dance pair of giant black holes fusion of black holes
The biggest intrigue of the expected announcement of the first registration of gravitational waves was the question of whether its traces in the electromagnetic range were found. According to a common theory, gamma bursts are the result of the merge of neutron stars and black holes. According to the first posts, it was found that no traces of the source of gravitational ox in the electromagnetic spectrum was found. However, now information has appeared that it's not like that. Sergey Popov Randomly found a preprint of publication about registration of an event in the gamma rays of the Space Observatory Fermi..
This detection is very significantly from a scientific point of view. It may first prove that short gamma bursts are the result of the merger of black holes. Such mergers should be one of several main types of mergers of astronomical objects occurring in Universe. List the main types of their:
1) confluence of ordinary stars
About half the stars in our galaxy are part of double or more numerous systems. Some of them are on very close orbits. Sooner or later, some stars must be merged into one star, due to braking in the extended shells of each other. Such events have already been observed.
September 2, 2008 in constellation Scorpion Bright flashed New. She received the designation New Scorpion 2008.. This star at the maximum reached the 7th star magnitude and at first seemed to be ordinary New. But then the study of archival photometry sharply changed the opinion of scientists about this star. Since the flash happened on the tight star fields of the Galaxy, she fell into the field of view of the project Olegsearch by microli events. As a result of the study of many thousands of pictures of this project, it turned out that the star increased its shine not sharply, but smoothly, for several tens of days:
In general, it was possible to follow the changes in the shine of the star, starting in 2001:
The study of this data has shown even more amazing detail. It turned out that the star shows periodic changes in the brilliance - with a period equal to about one day. In addition, it turned out that the period of these oscillations was rapidly decreased over time:
After the outbreak, an attempt was made to find such frequency. She ended in failure. Therefore, it was concluded that the only realistic scenario of the explanation of the occurred is a hypothesis merge two stars in one.
2) Mergers of White Dwarfs
Any star is early or late dying. If its mass is less than 1.4 masses Sun., it becomes white dwarf through the red giant stage. Such stars should also form double systems. First, in 1967, close systems of the type were discovered. Am Hound Pins In which there was only one White Dwarf. After 20 years, a double white dwarf was discovered with a period of appeal only 1.5 days. Gradually, astronomers have discovered increasingly close similar systems. In 1998, a system of white dwarfs was discovered with a period of appeal just 39 minutes. It is expected that the stars in it are alone in one after 37 million years.
Scientists consider two options for the consequences of the merger of such stars. On the first of them, an ordinary star appears, an explosion happens on the second supernova first type. Unfortunately, it is impossible to check any of these versions. Even the brightest supernova, which are observed in our time, are in distant galaxies. Therefore, even in better cases, there are only a weakly visible star on the site of the supernovae.
3) mergers of neutron stars and black holes of the star masses
If the stars mass significantly exceeds the threshold of 1.4 masses Sun., then she finishes its life is no longer a harmless stage of the Red Giant, but a super-power explosion of supernova. If the star does not greatly exceed this threshold, the neutron star is formed - the object size is only a few kilometers. In the case of multiple threshold exceeding, a black hole is formed - an object in which the second cosmic speed exceeds the speed of light.
The existence of neutron stars and black holes was predicted by theorists in several decades before their discovery. Do they form double systems? Theoretically, it could seem unlikely, since the explosion of supernova is characterized by a large mass loss and, therefore, the double system must be destabilized. However, just 7 years after the opening of the first pulsar (neutron star), the first double system of neutron stars was discovered. Her discovery turned out to be so significant that she was given for her Nobel Prize(A decrease in the period of the system, consistent with losses due to gravitational radiation, was discovered. In 2003, the first double pulsar was discovered with a period of circulation of 2.4 hours. It is expected that in 85 million years both neutron stars are alive in one.
Simultaneously with the opening of the pulsars, mysterious gamma bursts. At first they were not able to detect in other ranges of electromagnetic radiation. It did not allow to estimate even the order of distance to them. Only in 1997, for the first time, it was possible to detect optical afterglow of gamma burst and measure its red displacement. It turned out to be huge, many times exceeding the distance to the most distant supernova. Hence the conclusion about the tremendous power of such explosions:
In early May 1998, more precisely on the evening of May 6, a press release of NASA, which reported on the 10th telescope for the 10th telescope to the USA and electronic channels (Internet). Keka (USA) of a red shift of a weak galaxy, which is visible on the site of Gamma Brochka GRB 971214, registered by Italian-Dutch satellite Bepposax on December 12, 1997. Official scientific information appeared in the form of a series of articles in the issue of the Nature magazine dated May 7, 1998 (Kulkarni SR et al., Nature, 393, 35; Halpern et al., Nature, 393, 41; Ramaprakash An et al., Nature, 393, 43). The red shift in the spectrum of this galaxy turned out to be extremely large, z \u003d 3.418, i.e. The light from it was emitted at the moment when the age of the universe was only 1/7 from the current meaning (12 billion years). The photometric distance to this galaxy is determined by red displacement and equal to 10 ^ 28 cm. Then, according to this burst (10-5 ERG, CM-2, measured on Earth's illuminance of gamma radiation (10-5 ERG), it is possible to restore full energy output: in one gamma range it turned out to be incredibly large, 10 ^ 53 erg. This energy is 20% of the energy of the mass of the sun and 50 times exceeds all the energy that is emitted by the Sun for its existence. And all this - for those 30 C, which lasted gamma splash! Peak luminosity (energy release) for several hundredths of a second was 10 ^ 55 ERG / C, which corresponds to the electromagnetic luminosity of half of all the stars of the universe. A striking phenomenon, isn't it? In order to further intrigue the reader authors make an assessment of the maximum energy density near the place of this energy release and show that it is comparable to the one that occurred in the hot universe after 1 seconds after the start of the expansion ("big explosion"), in the primary nucleosynthesis era.
Among theoretics, opinions about the sources of such a powerful energy source were almost unanimous:
So, firmly putting on the position of the cosmological nature of the nature of gamma bursts, requires an explanation of such a high energy release in the form of electromagnetic radiation, form and temporal behavior of the spectra of the gamma-splash themselves and their x-ray, optical and radio twins, frequency of origin, etc. As mentioned above, the merger of two compact stars (neutron stars or black holes) fell rooted on the role of the source of the energy of gamma bursts. The details of this model are extremely poorly understood due to the complexity of physical processes at such an event. We repeat, the main argument was reduced to the adequacy of the potentially secreted energy (10 ^ 53 erg), a sufficient frequency of events (on average about 10 ^ -4 - 10 ^ -5 per year on the galaxy) and the real observation of at least 4 double neutron stars in the form of at least 4 Double radioulsars, an invisible star in which has a lot of about 1.4 masses of the Sun (typical mass of the neutron star) and extremely compact.
However, until today, it was only assumptions supplemented by the discovery of certain indirect signs. Everything changes with a recent publication. It follows from it that the device GBM (Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor)satellite Fermi. In just 0.4 seconds after the registration of the gravitational wave, a weak gamma splash lasting in a duration of one second was observed. The signal fell on the tighter area as the source of the gravitational wave. Moreover, the detection of gamma burst allows you to narrow the event area from 601 to 199 square degrees. Event looks statically reliable ( SNR \u003d 5.1.) due to the fact that the surveillance area of \u200b\u200bthe device GBM.it is 70% of the sky.
Of course, it is impossible to be 100% confident in the correct interpretation of the event. So far, not a single reliable double system of black holes of the star masses is known. Typically, double systems in which black holes are detected by X-ray radiation. To prevent such radiation, it is necessary that at least one of the participants in the double system was a conventional star - donor substance for the accretion disk.
Registration of a weak and short gamma burst from a merger of black holes puts many questions about the origin of such electromagnetic radiation. As is known, the second cosmic speed in black holes exceeds the speed of light. Perhaps several options:
A) Gamma radiation is caused by the absorption of the accretion disk of black holes or interstellar substance. The fact that the gamma burst turned out to be weak says that bright and short gamma bursts are generated by the collisions of neutron stars, where there are more substances for transformation into gamma-radiation.
B) The radiation is caused by some unknown phenomenon, which still allows you to accelerate the substance in black holes when merging to speeds above the speed of light (that is, leave the black hole). Analogue of such radiation may be hypothetical radiation Hoking .
Obviously, the solution to this issue can lead to ambitious progress in physics. In the coming years, gravitational detectors as sensitivity improve should increase their angular resolution and thereby simplify the identification of sources of gravitational waves with electromagnetic radiation.
4) Mergers of supermassive black holes
Since most theorists believe that nothing can leave the black hole (the second cosmic speed exceeds the speed of light), it is obvious that black holes should grow over time. It is expected that in dense stellar clusters (like ball clusters) they grow up to several thousand Sun.and in the central regions of galaxies reach the masses of several billion or even trillion masses Sun..
Some of these supermassive black holes are included in dual systems. And such systems have already been discovered. To date, not only double, but even triple and four-time systems of supermassive black holes are known. Some of these systems are very close. So in one of them, the period of circulation of black holes is five years. It is expected that the merger of these black holes happen less than a million years. At the same time, energy should be isolated, which a hundred million times higher than the energy of the usual supernova.
Such mergers will be the most powerful events in Universe. They must become the most powerful source of gravitational waves. It is possible that in the distant future, one of these mergers can cause a new Big bang and birth new Universe. Who knows at least now in Universe It is known only about two phenomena that are characterized by an extreme density of matter - black hole and Matter BE Big bang.
Naturally, in addition to general cases, private cases of large astronomical mergers must also be, for example, the fall of the planets on the stars or the absorption of stars with supermassive black holes.
Such phenomena are also rare enough and occur at large distances, so many of their details are still unknown. Knowledge Universe In response, one question always gives rise to a few more new questions.
When something crosses the horizon of black hole events outside, it is doomed. In a matter of seconds, the object will reach singularity in the center of the black hole: points for the unprecedented black hole and the rings for rotating. The black hole itself does not remember which particles have fallen into it or what their quantum state. Instead, everything that remains, from the point of view of information, is a common mass, a charge and an angular moment of a black hole.
At the last stage, which precedes a merger, the space-time surrounding the black hole will be broken, as the matter will continue to fall in both black holes from the environment. In no case should not assume that something can escape from the inside of the event horizon
Thus, it is possible to submit a script for which the substance falls into a black hole during the final stages of the merge, when one black hole is about to connect on the other. Since black holes should always have accretion disks, and in the interstellar medium the substance is constantly flying, the horizon of events will constantly cross the particles. Everything is simple here, so let's consider a particle that fell into the horizon of events to the final moments of the merger.
Can she be theoretically escape? Can "jump over" from one black hole to another? Let's look at the situation in terms of space-time.
Computer simulation of two merging black holes and space-time curvatures, they caused. Although gravitational waves are emitted constantly, the substance itself cannot escape
When two black holes merge, they do it after a long period of spiral twisting, in the process of which the energy is emitted in the form of gravitational waves. Until the very final moments, the energy is empty and flies away. But this cannot lead to the fact that the horizon of events or even a black hole was compressed; Instead, the energy comes from the time-time in the center of the masses, which is deformed stronger and stronger. With such success, it would be possible to steal the energy in the planet; It would turn closer to the sun, but its properties (or the properties of the Sun) would not have changed.
However, when the last moments of the merger occur, the horizons of the events of two black holes are deformed by the gravitational presence of each other. Fortunately, relativists already numerically calculated how merging affects the horizons of events, and it is impressively informative.
Despite the fact that up to 5% of the total mass of black holes before the merger can be emitted in the form of gravitational waves, the event horizon is never reduced. It is important that if you take two black holes of equal mass, their horizons of events will occupy a certain amount of space. If you combine them with the creation of a black hole double mass, the volume of the space occupied by the horizon will be four times the initial volume of the combined black holes. The mass of black holes is directly proportional to their radius, but the volume is proportional to the radius cube.
Although we found a lot of black holes, the radius of each of the horizons of events is directly proportional to the mass of the hole, and so always. Double the mass, double the radius, but the area will increase four times, and the volume is eight
It turns out that even if you keep the particle in the most fixed state inside the black hole and it will fall as much as much as possible towards the singularity, it does not have any way to get out. The total amount of combined horizons of events during the merger of black holes increases, and regardless of what the trajectory of the particle crossing the horizon of events, it is doomed to be the swordable combined singularity of both black holes.
In many scenarios of astrophysics, emissions appear when the matter from the object runs away during the cataclysm. But in the case of the merger of black holes, everything inside remains inside; Most of what was outside, sucking, and only a little bit from what was outside can escape. Finding into a black hole, you are doomed. And another black hole will not change the balance of power.
The new model brings scholars to understand the type of light signals created when two supermassive black holes (in millions and billions of times of massive than the Sun) move along the spirals to the collision. For the first time, computer simulation, which includes the physical effects of the general theory of Einstein's relativity, shows that gas in such systems will shine mainly in UV and X-ray light.
Almost every galaxy with the Milky Way parameters accommodates a black hole in the center. Observations show that galactic mergers occur often, but so far no one managed to see the process of the collision of giant black holes. However, scientists managed to notice the merging of the black holes of the star mass (from three to several dozens of solar) with LIGO. In a concrete case, gravitational waves were created - ripples in space and time moving at the speed of light.
Gas shines brightly in computer simulation of supermassive black holes with 40 orbits from the confluence. Similar models will help identify real examples of such double systems.
Mergers for supermassive black holes will be harder to determine. The fact is that the Earth itself is too noisy place. It shakes from seismic oscillations and gravitational changes from atmospheric perturbations. Therefore, detectors must be in space, as planning with Lisa in the 2030s.
It is important to note that supermassive double systems will differ from their smaller comrades rich in gas. Scientists suspect that the explosion of a supernova, forming a black hole, also blows up most of the surrounding gas. The black hole is so quickly absorbed by the remnants that when merging nothing remains for "lunch" and the light signal does not occur.
But we will not forget that the merger of supermassive black holes occurs against the background of a galactic merger, which means that there is escort from the clouds of gas and dust, stars and planets. Most likely, the galactic clash promotes most of this material closer to black holes that continue to be faded. As magnetic and gravitational forces approached, the remaining gas is heated, and astronomers can fix the signals.
The new simulation shows three orbits of a pair of supermassive black holes in 40 orbits from the confluence. It can be seen that at this stage of the process, the light is radiated only in UV light using some high-energy X-rays.
This 360-degree vision sends us to the center of two rotating supermassive black holes at a distance of 30 million km from each other with an orbital period of 46 minutes. It can be seen how black holes distort the star background and capture the light. A distinctive feature is a photon ring. The whole system will have 1 million solar masses
Three areas of radiating gas light are glowed when the black holes are fused. It forms a large ring around the system, as well as two smaller rings around each of them. All these objects emit mainly UV rays. When the gas flows into a mini-disc at high speed, the disk UV light is in contact with each crown of black holes (the area of \u200b\u200bhigh-energy subatomatic particles above and below the disk). When the accretion rate is lower, UV light fuses relative to X-ray.
Based on modeling, scientists expect X-rays created by "almost merger", will be brighter than in single supermarital black holes. Blue Waters supercomputer used for 46,600 computing kernels used for modeling. The initial modeling estimates the gas temperature. The command plans to clarify the code for modeling how the system parameters change, such as temperature, distance, total mass and accretion rate. Scientists are interesting to understand what is happening with the gas traveling between two black holes.
Moscow, 26 Sep - RIA Novosti. The gravitational Observatory LIGO and VIRGO for the first time, at the same time found a surge of gravitational waves generated by the merge of two black holes and localized their source - one of the galaxies in the constellation of the clock, told Participants in the collaborations of Virgo and Ligo, who spent on a press briefing at a meeting of the Ministers of Big Seven in Italian Turin.
"The association of LIGO and Virgo not only increased the accuracy of localization of the sources of gravitational waves 20 times, but also allowed us to start searching for traces of objects generating gravitational waves, in other types of radiation. Today we truly entered the era of full-fledged gravitational astronomy," - David Shoemaker, Head of Ligo Collaboration.
Physicist from InterStellar: The film helped us see real black holesThe famous American physicist Kip Thorn, one of the Scriptists of the InterSellar film, told RIA "News" about why the gravitational detector Ligo deceived the expectations of most scientists, whether he believes in the colonization of Mars and "Moles", and shared his thoughts about How to shoot the film helped science.Looking for space-time folds
The LIGO gravitational wave detector was built in 2002 on projects and plans that were developed by the boiled, Rainer Weiss and Ronald Tree at the end of the 80s of the last century. In the first stage of his work, which lasted 8 years, Ligo could not detect "Einstein" space-time fluctuations, after which the detector was disabled and the next 4 years scientists spent on its update and improving sensitivity.
These efforts have justified themselves - in September 2015, in fact immediately after turning on the updated LIGO, scientists discovered a surgery of gravitational waves generated by merging black holes with a total mass of 53 suns. Subsequently, LIGO recorded three more surge of gravitational waves, only one of which was officially recognized by the scientific community.
Scientists do not know where the sources of these gravitational waves were specifically located - due to the fact that Ligo has only two detectors, they only managed to highlight a fairly narrow strip in the night sky, where these black holes could be. Inside it, despite its modest sizes, there are millions of galaxies, which makes the search for a "final product" of these mergers actually useless occupation.
In June of this year, the European "cousin" LIGO, the Gravitational Virgo Observatory, built in the vicinity of Italian Pisa in 2003, resumed its work. The work of Virgo was suspended in 2011, after which the engineering team of the Observatory conducted its deep modernization, bringing it from sensitivity to the current level of Ligo.
All verification of Virgo detectors were completed by August 1 of this year, and now the observatory has begun joint observations with two LIGO detectors. Its sensitivity is slightly lower than that of an American gravitational telescope, however the data obtained by it allows you to solve two of the most important scientific tasks - improve the quality and accuracy of the signal obtained by LIGO, and determine the "three-dimensional" position of the source of gravitational waves.
Einstein triangulation
The scientists have achieved unexpectedly quickly - already on August 14, they managed to discover the surgery GW170814, which arose in a distant galaxy at a distance of 1.8 billion light years from the Earth. As in the past three cases, these waves were generated by unusually large black holes, whose mass exceeded the solar at 30.5 and 25 times. During their merge, about three masses of the Sun "evaporated" and were spent on the radiation of gravitational waves.
The use of three detectors immediately allowed scientists to significantly increase the accuracy of the localization of the source of gravitational waves - the galaxy in which there are black holes that have brewed them, is located in a small area of \u200b\u200bthe sky in the constellation of the clock at the night sky of the southern hemisphere of the Earth. In addition, scientists plan to use this data to search for possible traces of this outbreak in radio and X-ray bands.
Physicist: Opening of gravitational waves - the key to understanding the life of the UniverseThe International Gravitational Observatory Ligo stated the phenomenal detection of gravitational waves, whose discovery, according to the Russian physicist Mikhail Gorodetsky, opens the way to the creation of the theories of quantum gravity and the theory of "Great Association", explaining all the processes in the Universe.The sensation in this case did not happen - a preliminary analysis of the data collected by Ligo and Virgo during this flash, shows that gravitational waves move through the space and behave exactly as predicted by Einstein theory. In the future, when the sensitivity of Ligo and Virgo will be raised, scientists hope to find the final response to this question.
As Sumyker noted, LIGO detectors were disabled on August 25 in order to increase their accuracy of their work by about twice. This "upgrade", according to him, will expand the "horizon of view" of the observatory about nine times, and will allow the traces of the merger of black holes almost every week.
Four episodes have already been observed by the mergers of black holes of the star masses. In the very first (and most powerful), which happened at a distance from us in 1.3 billion light years, two CHAs merged with masses 36 and 29 of the mass of the sun in one CD mass in 62 mass of the Sun. And 3 masses of the Sun were transformed into this fusion into the energy of gravitational waves. Which were fixed on LIGO terrestrial gravitational telescopes.
The question is that in the title, forced to deliver because there is a report on the opening of $ 2.6 billion remote from us. Years of a system consisting of two supermassive CHMs with a total mass of ~ 200 million of the mass of the Sun, rotating around the general mass center in orbit with a diameter of less than 0.01 s. of the year . It is clear that in the foreseeable future, these CHDs must merge into one CD and heavy duty gravitational wave Fast and land. Do earth gravitational telescopes (Ligo, Virgo and others) register this super-powerful guv?
It would seem that gravitational waves from the merger supermassive The CHA (mass in millions of the mass of the Sun) must be detected by these telescope easily. However, it is not. And to understand this effect, you need to know only one parameter - the dependence of the radius of the horizon of the Events of the CD from the mass of the object. The radius of the event horizon (gravitational radius) is proportional to the mass of the object. And for the sun is 2.95 km.
In the example of the gravitational radii, the gravitational radii of those who spilled in the first paragraph were approximately 105 and 85 km. In contact with their gravitational radii in the process of merging the distance between their centers of the masses was ~ 190 km, and the length of the circumference of the mutual orbit is ~ 1200 km.
The oscillations of the gravitational field from the merger of the CS mentioned at the beginning of the CSD is a clouds with a frequency of 50 (at the beginning of the CGU) to 230 (at the end of it) Hertz. Thus, the length of these waves inside the TsUGA decreased from ~ 6000 km to ~ 1300 km (GWs apply at the speed of light). We see that the length of the latter wave in the TsUGA gravilip is almost equal to the length of the circumference of the orbit of the Mutual Movement of the two CH at the time of the touch of their horizons of events.
Thus, the earth gravings began to fix the grovels from the moment of the rapprochement of the CHA at a distance of 4-5 amounts of their engradies and stopped fixing them at the time of the touch of their enrageds, that is, at the time of the merger of black holes.
We now turn to the above-mentioned tall dual CH of the total mass of ~ 200 million of the solar masses.
The sum of their engravings will be ~ 600 million km ~ 2000 s. seconds. And the length of their corresponding mutual orbit at the time of the touch of their engradius ~ 12000 sv. seconds. Naturally, therefore, it is expected that the maximum frequency of the oscillations of the gravitational field in such a wave will be ~ 1/12000 Hertz. And the length of the grave is ~ 3.8 billion km.
The above-mentioned terrestrial gravings are able to measure the relative shifts of the samples separated inside them by 4 kilometers of trial masses with an error of less than one thousandth proton size. And they measured these shifts to a thousand kilometers long. For they "saw" rather quick changes in the magnitude of the gravitational field. But will such telescopes be able to notice the wave changes in the gravitational field in a wave of a billion kilometers long and the length of change in many hours?
I strongly doubt it. Not even so much because of the insufficient sensitivity of grivalescopes, how many reasons sets of events and noise on earth For many hours of passing even one wave of not very short Central Tsuga. Such, for example, small earthquakes.
Output: Earth gravitational telescopes will not be able to register gravitational waves from the merger of supermassive black holes.
It is possible that the above estimates and conclusions based on them will be removed not all. I will give a simple analogy from our earthly life.Imagine that you are sitting on a hill near the ocean and watch the waves rolled along it albeit even half a meter. You see these waves perfectly. The wind duck and the surface of the ocean has become smooth. Waves no longer run? By no means.
An ocean continuously runs a tidal wave in half the circumference of the Earth and a height of several meters. But you do not see this wave as a wave. With due patience, you perceive it as tides and fed twice a day. And it is unlikely that you have ever represented tides and fits as a kind of wave phenomenon. Your senses will simply refuse to believe it. I'm not talking about the situation when you are not sitting on the shore, but on the deck located in the open ocean of the ship.
Similarly, the current earth gravings will not perceive gravitational waves in a length of billions of kilometers, arising from the confluence of supermassive black holes as waves. Their "senses" simply will not see them.
