Tour structure and main functions. The concept of "culture" Culture is a historically defined level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in types and forms. A historically determined level of development of a society of creative forces

05.03.2021

The essence of culture

Etymology of the word "culture". Possible definitions and aspects of culture

Tour structure and main functions.

1. The word "culture" of Latin origin and translated means "processing, improvement, cultivation." It was first used in the political treatise "Agriculture" by a Roman writer Mark Porcius Cato in the 2nd century BC in relation to the cultivation of the land, designating them the process of human influence on nature in order to change it. The author noticed that by his labor the farmer brings the human principle into the world of nature, growing plants in which not only labor, but also knowledge is invested (ie, a person changes, “cultivates them”).

But the object of influence can be not only nature, but also man. Therefore, the Roman politician, writer and orator Cicero in the 1st century BC revolutionized the use of the term "culture". He began to use the word "cultura" together with the word "animi", which means "cultivation of the soul", i.e. the formation of the spiritual world, the upbringing of a person.

The understanding of the term "culture" has changed with the development of knowledge and society.

In the Middle Ages, a Christian culture was formed, which was understood as overcoming the limitations and sinfulness of man, the constant spiritual self-improvement of man, the realization of his spiritual kinship with God.

In the 17th century. culture is understood as the result of one's own human achievements, that which elevates a person.

In the 18-19 centuries. culture began to be considered as an independent phenomenon of social life, for the first time a theoretical understanding of this phenomenon begins. (For example, the German educator Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) understood culture as a historical stage of human development, linking it with the degree of development of sciences and enlightenment).

At this time, researchers often considered society and culture as an organism, where social institutions acted as organs and parts of the body, and sociocultural processes as physiological processes. In the XX century, various theories and concepts of culture appear. For example, the idea of \u200b\u200bequality of cultures: Each nation creates its own culture, which ensures the integrity and vitality of society. Therefore, it is impossible to determine which of the cultures is better or worse, more or less developed.

The understanding of the term “culture” is still ambiguous due to the diversity and complexity of the phenomenon it denotes.

Contemporary culturology approaches the definition of culture from various points of view. In this regard, there are 5 main aspects of the study of culture:

1. Genetic:culture is seen as a product of society;

2.Axiological: culture is studied as a system of values \u200b\u200band value orientations, both material and spiritual, both in society and in individual groups and individuals.

3. Humanistic: culture is studied as the development of a person, his spiritual and creative abilities.

4. Normative: culture is analyzed as a system of norms that regulate a person's attitude to the world, society and himself.

5. Sociological: culture is viewed as the activity of historically specific social subjects (person, social group, class, society).

In modern language, the term "culture" is used in 2 meanings - broad and narrow.

In a broad sense - everything that is created or is created in society by human activity.

In a narrow - culture coincides with the sphere of spiritual creativity, with art, morality, intellectual activity.

CULTURE - a historically determined level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, as well as in the material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bthey create.

2. The structure of culture is one of the most complex in the world. Structuring is carried out on various grounds:

1). Division of culture according to the bearer (subject).

Subjects of culture can be:

Personality (individual, personal).
Social group (youth culture, etc.).
Social organizations (enterprise culture, professional culture).
Social institutions (upbringing culture, secular, etc.).
Classes (proletarian, bourgeois culture).
Ethnicities (national, Russian culture).
Regional communities (culture of the West, East).
Humanity as a whole (world culture)

2). Structuring culture in terms of the diversity of human activity.

MATERIAL CULTURE - the world of things created by man in the process of transforming nature (technology, buildings, furniture).

The material culture includes: a) The culture of labor and material production. b) The culture of everyday life. c) Culture of topos (residence). d) Physical culture and culture of attitude to one's own body.

SPIRITUAL CULTURE - production, distribution and consumption of spiritual values \u200b\u200b(knowledge, ideas) in the field of science, art and literature, philosophy, morality, etc.

The most significant types of spiritual culture are: a) Intellectual (cognitive) b) Moral (culture of moral behavior) c) Art d) Pedagogical e) Religious f) Philosophical

Some theorists identify such types of culture that include both cultures - both material and spiritual (the so-called. synthetic crops ): a) Economic. b) Environmental. c) Aesthetic. d) Political. e) Legal.

3). Structuring culture in terms of content and impact on a person.

Progressive (culture) and reactionary (anti-culture).

FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE are very diverse (their number reaches 100). There are 6 main ones:

- humanistic: the formation of the moral character of the individual, the development of a person's abilities, skills, his physical and spiritual qualities;

- broadcast of social experience(informational): accumulation, storage, systematization and transmission of information;

- epistemological (cognitive): creation of a picture of the world, cognition of a person, society and the world;

- regulatory (normative): in culture, a person develops certain norms of behavior that maintain order in society;

- semiotic(sign): in culture, a person develops a system of signs with the help of which he expresses his knowledge;

- axiological (value): culture as the formation of values \u200b\u200band ideals.

In addition, stand out:

communicative (communication between people),

creative (transforming and mastering the world),

adaptive (protective),

relaxation (to relieve stress),

integrative (unites peoples, nations, states),

socialization (inclusion of individuals in public life, their assimilation of knowledge, values, norms of behavior),

The concept of "culture" Culture is a historically defined level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bthey create. 2. Culture - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, reverence - a historically determined level of development of society, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, as well as the material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bthey create.

Approaches to Understanding Culture Technological. Culture is the totality of all achievements in the development of the material and spiritual life of society. Active. Culture is a creative activity carried out in the spheres of material and spiritual life of society. Valuable. Culture is the practical realization of universal human values \u200b\u200bin the affairs and relations of people.

Types of culture: World and national. Material - associated with the production and development of m objects and phenomena of the material world, with a change in the physical nature of man. Spiritual - a set of spiritual values \u200b\u200band creative activity for their production, development and application.

Spiritual culture is the highest form of social reflection of a person's life. Reveals sense-forming ideas. Promotes self-knowledge. Helps to assert itself. Forms value orientations. Satisfies the need for self-awareness. Leads to self-realization.

Assignment What features of culture does the author highlight? Give any three arguments by which the author proves that culture is inherent only in humans. Prove, using three examples illustrating the continuity in the development of culture, the validity of the statement “culture is not born out of nothing.” A number of scientists consider culture as a link between nature and society. Give three arguments to support this opinion.

it follows that the speed is determined by the electromechanical characteristic

It can be seen from the formula that an increase in current leads to a decrease in rotation speed. A decrease in the rotation speed leads to a decrease in the EMF until the voltage drop across the internal resistance and EMF balances the input voltage.

Topic number 1 Introduction. Development and formation of the theory of cultural studies. Culture as a social phenomenon.

1. Science of cultural studies.

Culturology is one of the youngest sciences. The term “culture” itself, although this word has been known since ancient times, has been used in its modern, familiar meaning only since the beginning of the 19th century.

The term "cultural studies" is even younger. It first appeared in the works of the American scientist Leslie White in the middle of the 20th century. With this concept, he meant a new discipline, born at the intersection of humanitarian and socio-scientific knowledge. White substantiated the need for the formation of a new science and laid down its general theoretical foundations. In his works "Science of Culture", "Evolution of Culture", "The Concept of Culture", he considers culture as an integral system of elements of the material and spiritual plans, which has the property of self-adjustment and movement forward as a person assimilates reality and the very development of the technological and energetic aspects of civilization ...

Culturology took the place of the basic discipline among other social and humanitarian sciences, received its own subjects and objects of research, laws of functioning, areas of application. The well-known scientists O. Shpendler, O. Kont, T. Sharden, P. Sorokin, Y. Lotman and others contributed to the formation of the science of culturology.

Culturology - a humanitarian science about the essence, laws of existence and development of culture, human meaning and ways of comprehending it.

Culturology has its own subjects and objects of study.

The subject of cultural studies are the objective laws of the world and national cultural process, monuments and phenomena of material and spiritual cultures, factors and prerequisites that govern the emergence, formation and development of cultural interests and needs of people, their participation in the augmentation and transmission of cultural values \u200b\u200bfrom generation to generation.

Object of cultural studies are the cultural aspects of various aspects of the social life of people, the identification of features and achievements, the main cultural and historical types, the analysis of trends and processes occurring in the modern socio-cultural environment.

2. The concept of culture.

The concept of "Culture" is central to cultural studies.

In antiquity (Ancient Romans), the concept of "Culture" meant the cultivation of the land (its cultivation). Until now, this meaning has been preserved (cereals, etc.).

The ancient Greeks meant this as a difference from the savage barbarian tribes.

In the Middle Ages, the concept of "Culture" meant the pursuit of the divine ideal.

The enlighteners of the 16th-17th centuries had in mind the rationality of human society.

In the 18th century, the concept of "Culture" meant good breeding, adherence to ethical standards, and a certain degree of education.

In the 19th century, 4 basic understandings of the word "Culture" were established;

1) the level of the general state of mind;

2) the level of intellectual development of the whole society;

3) the totality of artistic and creative activities;

4) the way of life of the material and spiritual plane.

Culture - a historically determined level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bcreated by them.

Culture is created by a person, being a subject of nature, and at the same time, culture affects a person through norms, rules, laws, and a person is an object of cultural influence. This happens through the laws of cultural succession and inheritance.

3. Functions of culture.

Culture is a multifunctional system:

1) the development and transformation of the surrounding world is one of the main functions;

2) cognitive;

3) storage and transfer of human experience, knowledge, culture, information;

4) educational;

5) educational;

6) communicative (communication);

7) normative (regulatory);

8) psychological relaxation.

4. The structure of culture.

The structural units of culture are material and spiritual cultures.

Material culture - subject-object human activity aimed at satisfying his needs, i.e. "Man in things".

Material culture includes buildings, structures, transport, communications, animal species, plant varieties, human reproduction, production processes, tools and means of labor, money, physical education (sports), ecology, etc.

Spiritual culture - the emotional and sensory side of human activity.

Forms of spiritual culture:

1) One of the earliest - myth - a special system of worldview, giving an explanation of the surrounding world through nature, its deification and endowing it with supernatural power.

During the transition from Form 1 to Form 2 (within 30,000 years), there are:

Totemism - worship of the animal world.

Fetishism - worship of inanimate nature.

Animism - the spiritualization of animate and inanimate nature.

Paganism - polytheism.

2) Religion - a special worldview system that explains the world around us through God and endowing it with supernatural power.

3) Philosophy(about VI BC) - the science of the universal laws of development and movement of nature, society and thinking.

4) The science -a system of knowledge about the laws of formation, formation, development of nature, society, man.

5) Art - human activity according to the laws of beauty and harmony.

6) Morality - human activity, which is governed by the rules and norms adopted in societies.

5. Mass and elite culture.

Mass (public) culture - designed for a wide range of consumers. The genres of mass culture include melodramas, action films, styles of unscientific fiction, entertainment shows, hits, varieties of light genres of music, and the yellow press. It should have an easy plot, the action should take place in an exotic location.

Elite culture - culture for the elite and created by the elite themselves: ballet, opera, theatrical genre, symphonic and classical music, painting.

The concept of "culture"

Culture (from the Latin "cultivation, cultivation of the soil") - all types of transformative activities of man and society, as well as its results.

Culture in the broadest sense of the word:

1. Everything that is created by man, in its entirety

2. Second nature.

3. All transformative human activity and its results.

4. The result of human activity and society, the totality of material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bcreated by man.

5. Historically a certain level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, as well as in the material values \u200b\u200bthey create.

6. The culture includes: norms of human behavior, experience and methods of activity in different spheres of life, spiritual and moral problems of a person.

Culture in the narrow sense:

1. Everything related to activities in the field of art.

2. The degree of education of a certain person.

3. Science and scientific institutions.

4. Etiquette.

Forms of culture

Depending on the level of skill and the type of audience, the following forms of culture are distinguished: elite (high, salon), folk, mass (pop culture).

Forms of culture	Characteristic features (signs)	What is relevant (examples)	The sciences that study them
Elite (high, salon)	1. Created by a privileged part of society or by its order by professional creators. 2. Designed for its perception by a limited circle of people. 3. Difficult to understand. 4. It is not of a commercial nature, its motto is "art for art"	Classical painting, sculpture, architecture, music, literature, icon painting, mosaic, etc.	Art criticism, literary criticism.
Folk culture	1. Created by anonymous creators. 2. Develops as a collective creativity based on continuity and traditions. 3. By origin it is amateur, created by creators who do not have professional training. 4. Retains the characteristic features inherent in each nation.	Epic, epics, legends, fairy tales, ritual, ceremony, custom	Ethnography, anthropology, folklore
Mass (pop culture)	1. Understandable and accessible to all strata of society. 2. Satisfies the immediate needs of people, reacts to any new event and reflects it. Therefore, it quickly loses its relevance, becomes obsolete. 3. Focused on the average level of consumer development. 4. Is a commodity. 5. Content standardization is inherent. 6. Is of a commercial nature.	Advertising, stage, hit, slang, cinema, circus, radio, kitsch	Sociology, philosophy

Screen culture - culture disseminated through screen media. An important part of modern mass and elite culture, a means of replicating culture and its new branch.

Screen culture includes three main elements - film culture, television culture and computer culture, organically interconnected with each other.

Signs of modern screen culture:

1. Synthesis of computer and video equipment.

2. Presentation of the objects represented in a combination of sound and dynamic images.

3. The predominance of telecommunication contacts of people.

4. Free access of the individual to the world of information, the predominance of electronic media

By the nature of the satisfied needs, the following forms of culture are distinguished: material and spiritual.

Material culture - everything that is created in the process of material production: technology, material values, production.

Spiritual culture - process and results of spiritual production: religion, art, morality, science, worldview.

The main basis for distinguishing between material and spiritual cultures is the nature of the needs (material or spiritual) of society and man, satisfied by the produced values.

Mass culture

Popular culture emerged in the middle of the 20th century.

Preconditions for the emergence of mass culture:

1. Industrialization and related urbanization.

2. Progressive process of democratization of society.

3. Progressive development of means of communication.

Functions of culture

Functions of culture:

1. Regulatory function - regulates the nature of people's behavior.

2. Integrative (uniting) function - ensuring the unity of society.

3. Cognitive function - the formation of a holistic view of the people, country, era.

4. Evaluation function - the implementation of value differentiation.

5. Retransmitting function - transfer of historical experience, concentrated in culture, to subsequent generations.

6. Socialization - assimilation by an individual of a system of knowledge, norms, values, accustoming to social roles, normative behavior.

7. Educational function.

8. Educational function.

Varieties of culture

Dominant - a set of values, beliefs, traditions and customs, which are guided by the majority of members of society.

Subculture is a part of a general culture, a system of values, traditions, customs inherent in a large social group.

Examples (types) of subcultures:

1. Age and sex (women, youth, children, etc.)

2. Class (the culture of the working class, bourgeois culture, peasant culture, etc.)

3. Ethnic (Russian culture, Polish culture, etc.)

4. Religious (Islamic culture, Christian culture, Orthodox culture, etc.)

5. Leisure (according to preferred activities in free time)

6. Professional

7. Deviant

8. Criminals

A kind of subculture is counterculture.

What is counterculture?

Two definitions can be given:

1. The subculture that opposes the dominant culture is in conflict with the dominant values.

2. Opposition and alternative in relation to the dominant culture in society

Characterization of the counterculture

1. The counterculture is characterized by a rejection of the prevailing social conventions and moral norms.

2. Followers of the counterculture strive for nihilism, extremism, technophobia.

3. The counterculture movement emerged in Europe and North America in the 2nd half of the 20th century.

4. Counterculture becomes a method and instrument of cultural innovation.

5. Counterculture reflects the awareness of the crisis of dominant values \u200b\u200band acts as a kind of response of society to a historical challenge.

Art. Dynamic and static arts

Art - a special subsystem of the spiritual sphere of social life, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images.

Kinds of art - static and dynamic

Dynamic arts: silent film, music, choreography, ballet, radio art. The group of temporary arts is also dynamic, it is perceived by ear (not in all cases), the disclosure of the image of what the author has conceived occurs with a change in the work in time. When solving the USE tests, the group of spatio-temporal (synthetic) arts is classified as dynamic art. The synthetic group of arts is perceived simultaneously by hearing and sight, the disclosure of the image occurs simultaneously with the help of spatial construction and changes in time. These include: cinema, theater, choreography.

Static arts: painting, graphics, sculpture, photo art, architecture, arts and crafts. The group of spatial arts is static, perceived by sight, works from this group have a clear attachment to the disclosure of an artistic image to spatial construction.

Homework

1. The star of television series starred in a non-commercial film, complex in content. The work was highly appreciated by critics and experts, but at the box office it could not raise significant funds. What form of culture does this work belong to? Indicate three signs by which you determined this.

2. What form of culture does the following description reveal: “Both here and there - bright colors, long-legged girls, muscular beauties, luxurious interiors and cars, insanely beautiful outfits. Even the speech of characters is often made up of phrases that resemble short verbal formulas of advertisements? " List three characteristics of this form of culture. What form of culture is the opposite of the one under consideration?

CULTURE

(from Lat.cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration), a historically determined level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material they create and spiritual values. K. is a complex interdisciplinary general methodological concept. The concept of "K." it is used to characterize a certain historical era (for example, ancient K.), specific societies, nationalities and nations (K. Maya), as well as specific spheres of activity or life (K. labor, political, economic, etc.). There are two spheres of K. - material and spiritual. Material K. includes the objective results of human activity (machines, structures, the results of cognition, works of art, norms of morality and law, etc.), spiritual K. unites those phenomena that are associated with consciousness, with intellectual and emotional-psychological human activities (language, knowledge, abilities, skills, level of intelligence, moral and aesthetic development, worldview, methods and forms of communication between people).

Pedagogical encyclopedic dictionary. 2012