Breakdown plan. Drawing up a layout drawing
Friends, you all, of course, know this GOST for the design of the general plan, we all use it, and it is as important to us as other priority design standards.
In this article I will provide a description of the plans and drawings that are located at the end of this document and are presented as examples for the manual. Why am I doing this? but so that it is easy for you to understand and immediately understand what should and should not be on this or that plan-drawing. I’ll start from the very beginning and not with the working documentation, but with the design documentation and clarify some important points there.Project documentation is drawn up in accordance with RF PP No. 87. The page of the graphic part is as follows: a situational plan, a diagram of the planning organization of a land plot, a plan of earth masses, a consolidated plan of engineering support networks. Page of working documentation: general data, layout plan, relief organization plan, earth mass plan, territory improvement plan, summary plan of utility networks.
It can be seen from the above that stages P and R have common sheets. Below I will list all the sheets and try to give each a description: what exactly should be displayed on each of them.
Sheet - Situation plan. (stage P)
The situational plan shows a large-scale aerial photograph of the work site, so that the boundary of the site and the surrounding area are clearly visible. The territory and buildings within the boundaries of the site are shaded and signed with callouts. And in the upper right corner of the sheet the same place is shown, but on an even larger scale (like a miniature), so that our selected area turns into approximately a square with a side of 0.5 cm.
Situation plan (example):
Sheet - General data. (stage P)
Based on general data they give a list of drawings of the main set, a list of reference and attached documents, technical and economic indicators of the general plan (in tabular or free form) and a text part.
General data (example):
Sheet - Scheme of the planning organization of the land plot. (stage P)
The most indistinct sheet of stage P. According to 87 PP, almost everything needs to be indicated on it: landscaping, organization of relief, layout, dismantling of objects. Then this sheet will be oversaturated with information and for convenience it is divided into different sheets, as in stage P. Now it is customary to indicate the following information on the ROM sheet: the boundary of the site according to the GPZU with coordinates at the corners, the construction site, all driveways, sites and sidewalks, coordination axes of objects and their reference (coordinate or linear), this sheet can be decorated a little with hatching (driveways, sidewalks, lawns, construction sites). The sheet also contains an explication of buildings and structures or a list of residential and public buildings and structures. Symbols corresponding to your driveways, sidewalks, etc. And the inscription above the stamp about the ownership of the GPZU and topographic survey, i.e. developed by whom and when.
ROM sheet (example):
Sheet - Layout plan. (stage P)
The layout shows all designed objects with characteristic coordination axes, all designed passages, the boundary of the site according to the GPZU. And, of course, linear or coordinate reference of the designed objects on the ground. The layout plan is also called a horizontal layout.
Layout plan (example from GOST):
As you can see, the sheet shows the following elements: buildings and driveways, axes of buildings and driveways, “zero” marks of buildings, coordinates of the corners of buildings (note that for a building rectangular in plan, the coordinates of only two opposite corners are given - this is a sufficient condition), an overhead overpass , culvert (trough), fencing, benchmark, slopes, retaining wall, buildings are shown with a blind area, entrance openings and a ramp at the gate, red line. The breakdown was made by applying the construction grid 0A-0B to the drawing, the linear width of the passages is indicated, the radii of turns, the corresponding coordinate reference of the axes of the passages, overpasses and other elements are indicated. I also want to say that the construction grid is not necessary if you want to give a coordinate reference, if we are talking about a coordinate reference in the X and Y system. The main condition for the correct correspondence of coordinates is that the topographic survey corresponds to the local MSC coordinate system.
Leaf - Relief organization plan. (stage P)
Relief organization plan at design elevations (example from GOST):
My comment on the example from GOST: The construction grid 0A-0B need not be shown. The arrows show the directions of surface drainage.
Sheet - Plan for organizing the relief. (stage P)
This drawing is made on the basis of a layout plan, without showing the axes and their reference elements. All elements for drainage are indicated: trays, channels, culverts. Vertical planning is carried out on the plan using: design elevations (typical for stage P), design contours (typical for stage P).
Plan for organizing the relief in design contours (example from GOST):
My comment on the example from GOST: And so what is shown here: corner marks at the corners of the building (placed at the corner of the blind area), the absolute zero mark of the building is shown, red (design) horizontal lines are drawn along the territory of the site (berg lines are placed with a mark after the whole), do not forget about the horizontal lines along passing through. Slope indicators are shown on the driveways, above the arrow is the slope indicator in ppm, below the arrow is the distance of the section in meters. How to calculate the slope indicator in ppm: take the difference in the red marks on the site and divide it by the distance of this site. Example: if there is a difference of 0.3 m between the marks, and the distance between them is 25 m, then the slope between them is 12 ppm. Please note that the figures are taken in meters. It says this: the slope is 12 ppm or 12 thousandths.
Sheet - Plan of earth masses. (stage P and P)
Earth mass plan(PZM) is done after the relief organization plan has been agreed upon and approved, because if the slightest change is made to the elevations, this will entail a change in the plan of earth masses. On the plan of earth masses, only the external contours of buildings, a square grid and design elements of these squares are indicated, respectively, for the calculation of the volume of earth itself.
Plan of earth masses (example from GOST):
Sheet - Territory improvement plan. (stage P)
Improvement plan is done on the basis of alignment without displaying axes and axial references. All dimensions (it is better if they are chains) of passages, distances from the edges of walls to passages and other linear dimensions are indicated. Landscaping elements are hatched or marked (by type of driveway structures, sidewalks, lawns) and their designations are taken out. The corresponding statements are also placed on the sheet.
Landscaping plan(example from GOST):
MAF plan(example from GOST):
Route plan and sidewalks (example from GOST):
My comment on the example from GOST: The landscaping plan here is divided into 3 separate drawings. This is not prohibited. My comments here are minimal. Let us pay attention only to some facts: the absence of a geological basis and the absence of coordination axes of buildings. The plan of driveways and sidewalks shows references of linear dimensions from the outer boundary of the building wall. It is very important! There is no need to indent the building's driveways from the axes at the very beginning; you may end up in an unpleasant situation. Draw the building on the general plan in accordance with the plans from the builders. After all, the wall of a building has thickness, and besides, architects can also make an indentation from the wall inward (due to columns, for example). All this may ultimately result in the fact that, for example, you took a minimum travel distance of 5m. from the axis, but when the builders on the site begin to lay out this distance, this distance will then decrease by the thickness of the wall and its indentation. That's it, the size will not be normal. As a consequence, court, penalties, etc.
Sheet - Master plan of utility networks. (stage P and P)
Master plan of utility networks(SPS) you are not designing, I mean the engineering communications (networks) themselves. You just bring together the ready-made designed materials provided to you from related departments (electricians, plumbers, heating engineers, linemen, etc.) into a consolidated plan of utility networks and finalize it. When you have brought everything down to one plan, then you analyze and identify places where the networks went in a controversial/incorrect way: they overlapped each other, crossed, or went in the wrong place. Although it is not your job to check the technical aspects of the installation of networks, still make sure that they did not go through at least a building. If, in your opinion, a controversial place has been identified, then pay attention to it from those allied workers who had their hands on it. Such collisions often occur due to the fact that related departments are located in different places in the office or subcontractors worked and because of this they could not coordinate their networks with each other, as is often the case.
Master plan of utility networks (example from GOST):
As for the design, it is customary to make the geodetic base itself black and white or gray. Of course, the designed networks are highlighted in the appropriate color. You can download all the colors and designations of such networks from me in the "DWG Files" section or immediately
A layout drawing is a drawing containing all the necessary data for transferring individual elements of a structure into nature.
A layout drawing is essentially an analytical expression of a master plan.
The layout drawing for the detailed planning project is developed on a topographic plan on a scale of 1:1000 or 1:2000 (1:500-1:2000).
Initial data for drawing up layout drawings can be obtained:
1) Graphically- this method is based on determining the required quantities according to the plan. The length of the segment is determined with a compass using a scale ruler, taking into account the deformation of the paper, or calculated from the coordinates of the ends of this segment, determined from the plan. The second method is convenient if the ends of the segment are located on different tablets. The directional angle of the lines is measured with a protractor.
2) Analytically– here the alignment elements are determined analytically by solving the inverse geodetic problem. The coordinates of the points are specified based on the condition of maintaining dimensions with a higher accuracy than the plan scale allows. The most accurate way.
The necessary alignment data (angles, distances) are obtained based on solving the inverse geodetic problem using the formulas:
where rn-r is the direction of the desired direction
Yn,Xn – coordinates of the design point;
Er, Xr – coordinates of the point of the geodetic alignment network.
For control, calculate:
The analytical method is the most accurate, does not depend on the scale of the plan, and is used when high design accuracy is required; The grapho-analytical method is used quite often. This method is recommended when high accuracy is not required.
The analytical method for calculating alignment elements includes the following methods:
Method of rectangular coordinates - alignment elements are calculated relative to the vertices of the construction grid, and the coordinates of the main points of the structure and the coordinates of the vertices of the construction grid are specified. This method is used if there is a construction grid on the site;
Polar coordinate method - alignment elements are calculated relative to geodetic control points, and the coordinates of the main points of the structure and the coordinates of control points are specified. This method is recommended to be used when it is convenient to mark corners and significant linear distances on the ground;
Method of corner intersections - alignment elements (angles) are calculated relative to geodetic control points. In this case, the coordinates of the main points of the structure and the coordinates of the reference points are specified. This method is recommended to be used if there are difficult to surmount areas and obstacles on the site. Moreover, it is necessary to ensure that the angle satisfies the following conditions: 300< <1500.
Method of linear serifs. Alignment elements (lengths of segments) are calculated relative to geodetic reference points. In this case, the coordinates of the main points of the structure and the coordinates of the reference points are specified. This method is recommended to be used when segments are broken out on the ground, the length of which does not exceed the length of the measuring tool.
3) Mixed (combined) method - The method of preparing to transfer the project to the locality is a combination of analytical and graphical methods.
As a rule, the coordinates of the points being laid out are taken from the plan, and the elements of the alignment construction are calculated analytically to reduce the influence of errors in the deformation of the paper on which the plan is drawn up. The accuracy of the graphical method depends on the scale of the plan. The root mean square measurement error according to the length plan is determined by the scale accuracy: Ml = Δ l * M
where Δ l = 0.01 cm is the minimum distance that the human eye can distinguish;
M – plan scale.
m’l = 0.01*500 = 5.00 cm = 0.05 m (for 1:500)
m” l = 0.01*5000 = 0.5 v (for 1:5000)
After determining the alignment elements, a alignment drawing is drawn up, which shows the reference points of the designed structure, design angles and distances connecting the reference points.
40. Layout drawing and its purpose
Layout work is one of the main types of engineering and geodetic activities. They are carried out to determine on the ground the planned and altitude position of the characteristic points and planes of the structure under construction in accordance with the working drawings of the project.
The design of the structure is drawn up on large-scale topographic plans. Determine the location of the designed structure relative to surrounding objects and cardinal points. In addition, the topographic plan determines the general geodetic coordinate system, which specifies the position of the characteristic points of the designed structure relative to this system.
Staking out geodetic work (taking the project into situ) is the process of finding on the ground the position of the points of the structure according to the coordinates specified in the project.
The results of geodetic preparation of the project are displayed on layout drawings. The alignment drawing is the main document according to which alignment work is carried out in kind; it is drawn up on a scale of 1:500 ... 1:2000, and sometimes larger, depending on the complexity of the structure. The alignment drawing shows: the contours of the buildings and structures to be removed, their dimensions and location of the axes, points of the alignment base, alignment elements.
Master plan is a summary document of the projected development of the territory, which shows the placement of designed, existing, reconstructed and subject to demolition buildings, structures, utility networks, roads, railways, landscaping facilities, landscaping, terrain planning, etc.
The composition and rules for the design of drawings of the general plan and transport of the enterprise (GT brand) must comply with SPDS GOST 21.204-93.
Horizontal lines are drawn onto the master plan and tied to the topographic base. The master plan is a drawing of the territory, which shows the placement of buildings and structures being designed, existing, reconstructed and subject to demolition. Newly constructed buildings are located depending on their functional or technological connection and in accordance with fire safety and sanitary standards. These standards determine the minimum distances between buildings, water supplies, etc. The fire distances between them depend on the degree of fire resistance of the building (Table 14.2.1)
The sanitary gap between the ends of buildings with windows is established depending on the height of the taller building. It must be at least 12 m. If there are no windows, the gap is determined according to fire safety standards. Between the long side and the end of the building it is taken to be at least 12 m. Between single-section buildings of five floors and above, as well as tower-type buildings, the sanitary gap must be at least one and a half times the height of the taller building, but not less than 30 m.
Sanitary gaps are also established between the border of residential development and the industrial construction zone and between other objects.
In addition, the master plan also shows the boundaries of the area being built, auxiliary buildings, green spaces, various sites, driveways and roads.
Master plans can show power, lighting, telephone and telegraph lines, water supply, sewerage, heating and other networks.
If necessary, a drawing of energy and sanitary mains indicating the necessary structures and their connections to the designed and existing facilities can be separately included in the consolidated plan of engineering communications.
Scale. To make various drawings of grade Ш, scales of 1:500, 1:1000 are used, plan fragments - 1:200, nodes - 1:20. If necessary, it is allowed to use a scale of 1:2000 for general plan drawings, and a scale of 1:10 for nodes.
Master plan drawings include:
- layout plan (plan of the location of buildings and structures);
- relief organization plan;
- plan of earth masses;
- master plan of utility networks;
- territory improvement plan.
When placing complex objects, sometimes a master plan diagram is drawn up, on the basis of which, after agreement with the customer, working drawings are prepared.
Master plan diagrams are drawn in the same way as training drawings.
If the drawing contains one or more images at the same scale, then it is indicated in the title block after the name of the image. If several images have different scales, it is signed under the name of each image.
Dimensions on master plans are indicated in meters with two decimal places. The same dimension is adopted for coordinates.
Angles are indicated in degrees with an error of no more than 1", if necessary - 1".
Slopes are expressed in ppm without indicating a unit of measurement.
The steepness of the slopes is given in the form of ratios 1:1.5; 1:2.
Marks. The system of elevations adopted on a topographic basis must correspond to the system of elevations of the general plan. Markings on the master plan are expressed in meters with two decimal places. The marking sign is accepted according to GOST 21.101-97 in the form of an arrow.
Stroke lines are regulated by GOST 2.303-68*. The contours of the designed buildings and structures are a solid thick main (S).
Designed above-ground utility networks, design contours with marks divisible by 0.5 and 1 m - solid thick (S). Designed underground utility networks, line of zero works - dashed (S/2). The fracture line of the designed relief is dashed (S/W). Construction geodetic grid, fencing of the territory, grid of squares for calculating the volume of earth masses, contours of designed buildings, design horizontal lines, berghstrokes, etc. - solid thin (S/3).
The conditional boundary of the territory is a dashed-dotted line with two points (2/3S). The thickness of the lines S is taken depending on the scale and clarity of the drawing.
Conditional images. In master plan drawings, “Symbols for topographic plans at scales 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000, 1:500” are used to depict and designate existing buildings and structures, utility networks and transport devices. Existing railways at scales of 1:1000 and 1:500 can be depicted as one continuous thin line.
The designed above-ground and underground buildings and structures, utility networks and transport devices are depicted on master plans in accordance with GOST 21.204-93.
Buildings, structures, utility networks and transport devices subject to development or demolition are depicted as shown in Fig. 14.2.1, and those subject to reconstruction - as shown in Fig. 14.2.2, and the distance between the hatch lines is taken for a scale of 1:2000 and 1:5000 - 1.5-2 mm, and for scales 1:500, 1:1000 - 2.5-3 mm.
Conventional signs for topographic plans, conventional graphic images and designations on drawings of general plans, as a rule, are used without explanation. Some conventional images according to GOST 21.204-93 are given in table. 14.2.2 and table. 14.2.3. When using conventional images not provided for by GOST, appropriate explanations should be given on the master plan drawings.
If it is necessary to show existing and designed buildings on one drawing, then the symbols of existing buildings are drawn with thinner lines. If the symbolic graphic symbols of the same name being designed and existing buildings are difficult to distinguish, you can accompany them with an explanatory inscription or give an explanation in the legend or instructions to the drawing.
The contours of the designed buildings and structures on the master plans are depicted according to the plans of the working drawings of the objects, taking the coordination axes of the buildings and structures aligned with the internal edges of the walls.
If the distance from the outer wall of the building to the coordination axis on the image scale exceeds the thickness of the contour line, the latter is related to the corresponding distance from the coordination axis (Fig. 14.2.3).
Sheet design. When making master plan drawings, you should pay attention to the uniform filling of the working area of the sheet and to the clarity of the image. The master plan drawing is placed with the long side of the territory along the long side of the sheet. The upper part of the image should correspond to the northern part of the site. Deviation from the north orientation is allowed within 90° to the left and right. On all sheets, the master plan drawings are made with the same orientation.
Direction of orientation, i.e. the “south-north” line is indicated in all cases with an arrow. Various types of arrows are shown in Fig. 14.2.4.
If necessary, a diagram showing the number of windy days as a percentage for a given area and the direction of the wind relative to the cardinal directions throughout the year is depicted on the sheet with the master plan drawing. This diagram is called a wind rose, the construction sequence of which is shown in Fig. 14.2.5, a-c. Wind data is plotted on a scale from a point taken as the center towards the wind (Fig. 15.2.5, c). Thus, each delayed segment shows the direction to the center of the wind rose and the duration of the wind as a percentage relative to the cardinal points. The sum of all segments that determine the direction of the wind and the number of windy days in different directions should be equal to 100%.
On master plans it is not allowed to draw buildings in a mirror image in relation to the applied project. In all designed and existing buildings, as a rule, door and gate openings are shown as breaks in the contour with the center line.
Buildings and structures on the master plan are marked with Arabic numerals. It is recommended to place the marking number in the lower right corner of the building outline.
The master plan drawings are made both in linear graphics and in shades - plain or colored.
All paints are suitable for washing, except bright ones; washing with black ink works especially well.
Examples of various designs of master plans are shown in Fig. 14.2.6-14.2.8.
The arrangement of graphic material on the master plan sheets may be different. For example, in the upper left part of the sheet, draw a “south-north” arrow or a wind rose, a situational plan with a highlighted construction site. In the lower left part of the sheet you can place conventional images that are not included in GOST 21204-93, with appropriate explanations. In the center of the sheet is a drawing of the general plan. On the right side, from top to bottom, there are tables (explication of buildings and structures, list of residential and public buildings and structures, etc.), as well as text instructions (notes). Their width, as a rule, is taken equal to the width of the main inscription. It is recommended to leave a free margin of at least 45 mm between this data and the main inscription to allow for changes that arise after the design is completed. An approximate location is shown in Fig. 14,2,9.
Layout drawing
To correctly transfer the garden planning project (or other green building objects) to the area, a layout drawing is drawn up. It indicates all the necessary dimensions of the main planning elements of the garden area and their connections to the reference points of the plan. The locations for planting trees, shrubs and flowers are not indicated in the layout drawing. The main alignment axes of the garden extend from the boundaries of the object or existing capital buildings, which are tied to certain points fixed on the ground and marked on the plan (landscaping, landscaping or landscape design plan). Next, based on the main alignment axes and boundaries of the object, auxiliary alignment axes and lines are laid. All paths, ponds and structures must be tied to the alignment axes and auxiliary lines. 
To lay out landscape paths, ponds and areas that have irregular shapes, additional auxiliary lines should be drawn along them, which should be tied to the boundaries of the garden or alignment axes. From these lines, short (preferably less than 20 m) perpendiculars are drawn to one of the sides of the track being laid out or to its central axis, which determine the position of the track. These perpendiculars should be carried out more often, the steeper the path bends (usually they are carried out at a distance of 5 to 15 m from each other).
It is also necessary to tie all the centers of the circle and radii of curvatures of paths and platforms to the reference points of the plan.
All dimensions of references are placed along the alignment axes, auxiliary lines, perpendiculars going to certain planar structures.
The layout drawing is drawn up in such a way that it can be used 
transfer the project to the area without using complex geodetic tools. Therefore, all main alignment lines must have at least two references to the boundaries of the site or to already laid alignment axes. If this cannot be done, then they should depart from the boundaries of the site or already drawn axes at a right angle, which can easily be constructed on the ground using simple geodetic instruments (mirror ecker, goniometer, etc.) or simply using pegs, poles, cord and roulettes.
If there is a flat, tree-free area, the alignment drawing can be drawn up using a coordinate system. In this case, a coordinate grid is drawn up with squares having a length of 20, 50, and sometimes even 100 m, depending on the size of the area and the desired accuracy of the layout. Next, the coordinates of all the main points are determined: the corners of the sites, the centers of circles, etc. A designed grid is laid out on the ground, secured at the corners with columns with square numbers, from which the distances to the corners of the sites, paths, etc. are measured based on the calculated and recorded in the coordinates alignment drawing.
The layout drawing is drawn up only after drawing on the project plan all the design lines, designed objects and recording on it all the segments (measurements) and angles necessary to transfer the project into reality.
Layout drawing is a technical document. It is compiled based on the application of volumes of work that can be completed in 2-3 days, then a new layout drawing is drawn up (to avoid damage, more than one for the entire period of work).
Only what is necessary to transfer the project into reality is applied to the layout drawing:
· project boundaries;
· the values of design angles and lines that need to be built or measured on the ground;
· points of geodetic justification that are used when transferring the project;
· contours of the situation, facilitating the location of geodetic justification points on the ground or serving as support for transferring the project;
· numbers and names of land tenures and land uses.
The layout drawing shows:
· in black ink the boundaries, contours, inscriptions, symbols, bearings, line lengths that exist on the ground;
· in red ink all projected boundaries, plot numbers, geodetic data;
· in blue ink the projected theodolite passages, auxiliary main lines and related geodetic data.
It is better to record readings (measurements) on a measuring device on an accrual basis (to avoid errors, to increase accuracy), and even better - double data: both the distance between points and the lengths on an accrual basis. The route of movement is marked with arrows.
The more thorough the preparation for the transfer of the project is, the faster and with fewer errors the field work is completed.
Signs at design points are installed along the line on which the design boundaries rest. However, if the place where the sign is placed falls on a road, in a ravine, a swamp, etc., then the sign is placed away from the reference line, but on the design boundary.
With a sufficiently reliable geodetic justification for moving the project, when repeated measurements, calculations and amendments to the dimensions of the sides of the plots are not required, measurements are usually carried out quickly, only the installation of signs is delayed. Therefore, it is necessary to have at least 2 - 3 pairs of diggers with well-sharpened shovels. They place boundary signs at points marked by the land surveyor on the site
stakes The land surveyor leaves signs at these points and writes down the numbers of the fields between which these signs are installed using oil paint. In order for the placement of signs at the marked points to be sufficiently accurate, along one line (on target), the place where each sign is placed is taken in a cross or on target. To do this, four thin pegs are placed at a distance of 2-3 m from the point marked with a stake, so that the place where the sign is placed is at the point of intersection of the lines connecting them. After this, they dig a hole and place a sign in it, checking its position using the pegs. Sometimes, instead of pegs, grooves are dug in the ground, and towards one of them, where the line between the inscriptions of field numbers should be directed, another groove in the form of an arrow is dug. Then the workers will be able to place the sign quite accurately, orienting it correctly in accordance with the inscriptions. The signs are dug in with mounds 0.3 - 0.5 m high and 1.5 - 2 m in diameter. A ditch is dug around the mound, the earth from which is poured onto the mound. All boundaries between fields and plots, roads and cattle runs are plowed in one furrow.
The alignment drawing is drawn up only after drawing on the project plan all the design lines of the designed objects and recording on it all the segments (measurements) and angles necessary to transfer the project into reality. It is a technical document, just like the outline of a theodolite survey, it is attached to technical paperwork and indicates the order and correctness of field work. They provide for such a procedure for transferring the project that will ensure the greatest productivity of the contractor, reduce idle movements of labor and allow the work to be completed with the required accuracy.
Alignment drawings are drawn up on the scale of the project plan only for those parts of the land use on which the project will be transferred within one to three working days (to avoid damage to the entire alignment drawing in the field). If the project is simple, then the layout drawing can be drawn up schematically on a sheet of paper.
Only what is necessary to transfer the project into reality is applied to the layout drawing: design boundaries; the values of design angles and lines that need to be constructed and measured on the ground; geodetic justification points that are used when moving the project; contours of the situation, facilitating the location of geodetic justification points on the ground or serving as support for transferring the project; numbers and names of fields and sections.
On the alignment drawing, it is customary to depict in black the boundaries existing on the ground, land contours, conventional signs (much sparse) and inscriptions of geodetic data related to existing boundaries (points of reference, line lengths), and in red everything that is being designed: boundaries, plot numbers, geodetic data. At the same time, it is better to show new (projected) theodolite traverses, auxiliary main lines and geodetic data related to them in a different color (blue, purple).
Measurements to the boundaries of the plots on the alignment drawing (Fig. 6.3) are recorded on an accrual basis along the way, starting from one reference point to the next, near the design and final reference points. This is convenient when taking the line out into the area. Firstly, it eliminates errors when summing line segments. Secondly, it makes the process of measuring from a starting point with a measuring tape or an electronic range finder (tacheometer) continuous when the reflector is moved along the line. Thirdly, obtaining a control reading at the end of the reference line, equal to its length, so that it is along this line that the project is transferred into nature.
When drawing up a layout drawing, they think over the route of movement when performing field work and mark it with index arrows (Fig. 6.3. and 6.4). At the same time, mark the points at which milestones will be installed for orientation when laying side passages and lines that serve as reference for laying out other sections .
