Plans and topographic maps have a unified system of symbols. This system is based on the following provisions:

• each graphic sign always corresponds to a certain type of object or phenomenon;
• each symbol has its own clear pattern;
• on and on plans that have different but similar scales, the symbols of the same objects differ, as a rule, only in size;
• in the drawings of conventional signs, techniques and means are used to ensure the reproduction of the profile or appearance of the corresponding objects on the earth's surface, facilitating the establishment of an associative connection between the sign and the object. Usually there are 10 ways to form compositions of characters.

1. Icon method.

It is used to indicate the location of objects that are not expressed in (icons of free-standing trees, buildings, deposits, settlements, tourist sites). In their form they can be geometric, alphabetic, or pictorial. In any case, these signs indicate the location of a given object, the relative position of various objects.

2.Method of linear signs.

It is used to convey objects and phenomena of linear extent that are not expressed in their width at the scale of the map. In this way on topographic maps ah or plans show rivers, borders, routes of communication.

3. Isoline method(from the Greek “izos” - equal, identical).

This method is intended to characterize phenomena of continuous distribution on Earth that have a numerical expression - , etc. In this case, isolines are curves connecting points with the same quantitative value. Depending on what phenomenon they characterize, isolines will be called differently:

• - lines connecting points with the same temperature;
• isohists- lines connecting points with the same amount of precipitation;
• isobars- lines connecting points with the same pressure;
• isohypses- lines connecting points of the same height;
• isotachs- lines connecting points with the same speed.

4. Quality background method.

It is used to identify qualitatively homogeneous areas of the earth's surface according to natural, socio-economic, political and administrative characteristics. In this way, for example, states are shown or regions on maps of administrative division of regions, age on tectonic maps, types on soil maps or on maps of the distribution of flora.

5.Diagram method.

It is used to display any quantitative characteristics of continuous phenomena at specific points, for example, the annual variation of temperature, the amount of precipitation by month or by meteorological stations.

6. Spot method.

It is used to show mass phenomena dispersed throughout the territory. For example, this method shows the distribution of the population, sown or irrigated areas, livestock numbers, etc.

7. Method of habitats.

It is used to display the area of ​​distribution of a phenomenon (not continuous across the field), for example, plants, animals. The graphic design of the boundary and area of ​​the habitat contour can be very diverse, which makes it possible to characterize the phenomenon in many ways.

8. Traffic sign method.

It is designed to show various spatial movements (bird flights, travel routes, and others). Arrows and stripes are used as graphic traffic signs. Using them, you can show the path, method, direction and speed of movement of a phenomenon, as well as some other characteristics. On plans and topographic maps, this method also shows the direction of the current.

9. Mapping method.

It is usually used to show in the form of diagrams the quantitative characteristics of phenomena within individual territorial units. The method is widely used in the analysis and processing of statistical and economic indicators, such as production volume, structure, timber stock and others.

10. Cartogram method are used, as a rule, to compare the relative indicators of a phenomenon that characterize a territory as a whole. In this way, for example, they show the average population density per 1 km2 by administrative units, the average of regions, etc. This method, like the method of map diagrams, is widely used in the analysis of statistical indicators.

The very methods of depicting conventional signs contain information about what objects and phenomena they can be used for, what their possible and best combinations are when expressing one or another content of the cards. Some conventional signs cannot be combined on one map at all: for example, the point method cannot be combined on a map with the method of icons and cartograms. Icon methods work well with a cartogram. This is very important to know when using symbols.

Before creating a map of any scale, there is a selection of phenomena or objects that need to be displayed on it in the form of symbols.

Having studied the symbols well, you can then work with any topographic maps or plans. The rules for using these signs form important sections of the grammar of the language of the map or plan.

Symbols of topographic maps provide complete information about the area. They are generally accepted and used for topographic maps and plans. Topographic maps are important material not only for tourists, but also for geodetic organizations, for authorities who are involved in area planning and transfer of site boundaries.

Knowledge about conventional signs helps not only to read the map correctly, but also to draw up detailed plans of the area, taking into account new objects that have appeared.

Topographic maps are a type of geographic map. They carry detailed information about the layout of the area, indicating the location of various technical and natural objects relative to each other.

Topographic maps vary in scope. All of them carry less or more detailed information about the area.

The map scale is indicated on the side or bottom of the map. It shows the ratio of sizes: indicated on the map to natural. Thus, the larger the denominator, the less detailed the material. Let's say a 1:10,000 map will have 100 meters in 1 centimeter. To find out the distance in meters between objects, use a ruler to measure the segment between two points and multiply by the second indicator.

1. The most detailed is the topographic plan of the area, its scale is 1:5,000 inclusive. It is not considered a map and is not as accurate, since it does not take into account the assumption that the earth is round. This somewhat distorts its information content, however, the plan is indispensable when depicting cultural, everyday and economic objects. In addition, the plan can also show micro-objects that are difficult to find on the map (for example, vegetation and soil, the contours of which are too small to be depicted in other materials).
2. Topographic maps at scales of 1:10,000 and 1:25,000 are considered the most detailed among maps. They are used for household needs. They depict populated areas, industrial and agricultural facilities, roads, hydrographic networks, swamps, fences, boundaries, etc. Such maps are most often used to obtain information about objects in areas that do not have significant forest cover. They depict business objects most reliably.
3. Maps with scales of 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 are less detailed. They schematically depict the contours of forests and other large objects, the image of which does not require much detail. Such maps are convenient to use for air navigation, drawing up road routes and so on.
4. Less detailed maps are used for military purposes to carry out assigned tasks for planning various operations.
5. Maps with a scale of up to 1:1,000,000 allow you to correctly assess the overall picture of the area.

Having decided on the task at hand, choosing a material seems absolutely not a difficult task. Depending on how detailed information about the area is needed, the required map scale is selected.

Working with a topographic map requires a clear knowledge of the schematic designation of the depicted objects.

Types of symbols:

• areal (scale) - for large objects (forest, meadow, lake), their sizes can be easily measured on a map, correlated with scale and obtained the necessary information about depth, length, area;
• linear - for extended geographical objects, the width of which cannot be indicated, they are drawn in the form of a line corresponding to the scale in order to correctly display the length of the object (road, power strip);
• off-scale - they are used to designate strategically important objects, without which the map will be incomplete, but in a rather conventional size (bridge, well, individual tree);
• explanatory - characterizing an object, for example, the depth of a river, the height of a slope, a tree that indicates the type of forest;
• depicting landscape components: relief, rocks and stones, hydrographic objects, vegetation, artificial structures;
• special - applied to maps for individual sectors of the economy (meteorological, military signs).

The designations of topographic maps in certain cases, especially for certain groups of objects, allow for some conventions:

• the main information conveyed by the image of a populated area is the density of buildings and the location of the boundaries of the object; for this it is not necessary to mark every building, you can limit yourself to the main streets, intersections and important buildings;
• the symbols of a group of homogeneous objects allow the depiction of only the outermost of them;
• when drawing a line of roads, it is necessary to indicate their middle, which must correspond to the situation on the ground, and the width of the message object itself should not be displayed;
• strategically important objects such as factories and factories are designated at the site where the main building or factory chimney is located.

By correctly placing signs on the map, you can get a detailed idea of ​​the relative position of objects on the ground, the distance between them, their heights, depths and other important information.

The map must be objective and this requirement includes the following provisions:

• correctly selected standard symbols; if this is a special map, then the symbols should also be generally known in a certain area;
• correct representation of line elements;
• one card must be drawn in one image style;
• micro-objects must also be marked exactly; if there is a certain number of such objects of the same size in the area, they must all be marked with the same sign on the map;
• the color indicators of the elements of the relief forms must be maintained correctly - heights and lowlands are often depicted with paints, next to the map there should be a scale that shows what height on the terrain a particular color corresponds to.

Symbols of topographic maps and plans are drawn in accordance with uniform rules.

So:

1. Object sizes are displayed in millimeters. These signatures are usually located to the left of the symbols. For one object two are given numerical indicators, indicating height and width. If these parameters match, one signature is allowed. For round objects their diameter is indicated, for star-shaped signs - the diameter of the circumscribed circle. For an equilateral triangle, the parameter for its height is given.
2. The thickness of the lines should correspond to the scale of the map. The main objects of plans and detailed maps (factories, mills, bridges, locks) are marked with lines of 0.2–0.25 mm, the same designations on small-scale maps from 1:50,000 - with lines of 0.2 mm. The lines indicating secondary characters have a thickness of 0.08–0.1 mm. On plans and large-scale maps, signs may be enlarged by one third.
3. The symbols of topographic maps must be clear and readable, the spaces between inscriptions must be at least 0.2–0.3 mm. Strategically important objects can be slightly increased in size.

Separate requirements are also put forward for color scheme.

Thus, the background color should ensure good readability, and symbols are indicated by the following colors:

• green - designations of glaciers, eternal snow, swamps, salt marshes, intersections of coordinate lines and hydrography;
• brown – landforms;
• blue – water bodies;
• pink – highway interline clearances;
• red or brown - some signs of vegetation;
• black – shading and all signs.

1. Objects indicated by off-scale symbols on topographic maps and plans must correspond to their location on the ground. To do this, they need to be placed according to certain rules.

The position on the ground corresponds to:

• the center of the sign of objects of regular shape (round, square, triangular) on the plan;
• the middle of the base of the symbol - for perspective displays of objects (lighthouses, rocks);
• vertices of the designation angle - for icons with an element of right angles (tree, pillar);
• the middle of the bottom line of the sign is for designations in the form of a combination of figures (towers, chapels, towers).

Knowledge of the correct placement and application of signs will help you correctly draw up a topographic map or site plan, making it understandable to other users.

The designation of groups of objects by symbols must occur in accordance with the rules below.

1. Geodetic points. These objects should be indicated in as much detail as possible. Marking the centers of points is applied exactly to the centimeter. If the point is located on an elevated area, it is necessary to note the height of the mound or mound. When drawing the boundaries of land surveys, which are marked on the ground with pillars and numbered, the numbering must also be displayed on the map.
2. Buildings and their parts. The outlines of buildings must be mapped in accordance with the structure's layout and dimensions. Multi-storey and historically important buildings are depicted in most detail. The number of floors is indicated starting from two floors. If a building has an orientation tower, it must also be displayed on the map.

Small buildings, such as pavilions, cellars, building elements, are displayed at the request of the customer and only on detailed maps. The numbering of buildings is reproduced only on large maps. Additionally, letters can indicate the materials from which the building is constructed, its purpose, and fire resistance.

Conventional signs usually identify buildings under construction or dilapidated, cultural and religious buildings. Objects on the map must be placed exactly as in reality.

In general, the detail and detail of the description of the characteristics depends on the purpose of drawing up the map and is negotiated by the customer and the contractor.

1. Industrial facilities. The number of floors in buildings does not matter. More important objects are administrative buildings and pipes. For pipes over 50 meters, it is necessary to indicate their actual height.

At enterprises that have mines and extract minerals, it is customary to designate objects located on the surface. Mapping of underground routes is carried out in agreement with the customer, indicating working and non-working branches. For quarries, a numerical designation of their depth is required.

1. Railways are shown with their gauge. Inactive roads must also be marked on maps. For electrified roads and tram tracks, a power line must be displayed nearby.

The map shows the designation of road slopes, embankments and their heights, slopes, tunnels and their characteristics. Dead ends, turning circles and road ends must be marked.

Highways are marked with a certain sign, which depends on the surface. The roadway must be marked with a line.

1. Hydrographic objects are usually divided into three groups:

• permanent;
• indefinite - existing all the time, but whose outlines often change;
• unstable - changing depending on the season, but with a pronounced source and direction of the channel.

Permanent bodies of water are depicted by solid lines, the rest - by dash-dotted lines.

1. Relief. When depicting the terrain, horizontal lines or contour lines are used indicating the heights of individual ledges. Moreover, lowlands and elevations are depicted in a similar way, using strokes: if they go outward, then an elevation is depicted, if inward, it is a depression, beam or lowland. In addition, if the contour lines are close to each other, the slope is considered steep; if it is far away, it is gentle.

A good topographic map should be extremely accurate, objective, complete, reliable and clearly indicate the contours of objects. When drawing up a map, it is necessary to take into account the customer's requirements.

Depending on the purposes for which the topographic map is intended, some simplifications or minor distortions of minor objects are allowed, but General requirements must be complied with.

Legend A map or plan is a kind of their alphabet, by which they can be read, find out the nature of the area, the presence of certain objects, and evaluate the landscape. As a rule, symbols on a map convey common features with geographical objects that exist in reality. The ability to decipher cartographic symbols is indispensable when making tourist trips, especially to distant and unfamiliar areas.

All objects indicated on the plan can be measured on a map scale to represent their actual size. Thus, the symbols on a topographic map are its “legend”, their decoding for the purpose of further orientation on the terrain. Homogeneous objects are indicated by the same color or stroke.

All outlines of objects located on the map, according to the method of graphic representation, are divided into several types:

• Area
• Linear
• Spot

The first type consists of objects that occupy a large area on a topographic map, which are expressed by areas enclosed within boundaries in accordance with the scale of the map. These are objects such as lakes, forests, swamps, fields.

Line symbols are outlines in the form of lines and can be seen on a map scale along the length of an object. These are rivers, iron or car roads, power lines, clearings, streams, etc.

Dotted outlines (out-of-scale) indicate small objects that cannot be expressed on the map scale. These can be either individual cities or trees, wells, pipes and other small individual objects.

Symbols are applied in order to have as complete an idea as possible about the specified area, but this does not mean that absolutely all the smallest details of a real individual area or city have been identified. The plan indicates only those objects that have great importance for the national economy, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, as well as military personnel.

Types of symbols on maps

Conventions used on military maps

To recognize map signs, you need to be able to decipher them. Conventional symbols are divided into scale, non-scale and explanatory.

• Scale symbols indicate local objects that can be expressed in size on the scale of a topographic map. Their graphic designation appears in the form of a small dotted line or thin line. The area inside the border is filled with symbols that correspond to the presence of real objects in this area. By scale signs on a map or plan you can measure the area and dimensions of a real topographic feature, as well as its outline.
• Off-scale symbols indicate objects that cannot be displayed on a plan scale, the size of which cannot be judged. These are some separate buildings, wells, towers, pipes, kilometer posts, etc. Out-of-scale symbols do not indicate the dimensions of an object located on the plan, so it is difficult to determine the actual width or length of a pipe, elevator or free-standing tree. The purpose of off-scale symbols is to accurately indicate a specific object, which is always important when orienting yourself while traveling in an unfamiliar area. The exact location of the indicated objects is carried out by the main point of the symbol: this can be the center or lower middle point of the figure, the vertex of a right angle, the lower center of the figure, the axis of the symbol.
• Explanatory signs serve to disclose information about scale and non-scale designations. They give additional characteristics to objects located on a plan or map, for example, indicating the direction of river flow with arrows, designating the forest type with special signs, the load capacity of the bridge, the nature of the road surface, the thickness and height of the trees in the forest.

In addition, topographic plans contain other symbols that serve as additional characteristics for some of the specified objects:

• Signatures

Some signatures are used in full, others in abbreviated form. The names of settlements, rivers and lakes are fully deciphered. Abbreviated labels are used to indicate more detailed characteristics of certain objects.

• Digital legend

They are used to indicate the width and length of rivers, roads and railways, transmission lines, the height of points above sea level, the depth of fords, etc. The standard map scale designation is always the same and depends only on the size of this scale (for example, 1:1000, 1:100, 1:25000, etc.).

In order to make it as easy as possible to navigate a map or plan, symbols are indicated in different colors. More than twenty different shades are used to distinguish even the smallest objects, from intensely colored areas to less vibrant ones. To make the map easy to read, there is a table at the bottom with a breakdown of the color codes. So, usually water bodies are indicated by blue, cyan, turquoise; forest objects in green; terrain – brown; city ​​blocks and small settlements – gray-olive; highways and highways - orange; state borders are purple, neutral area is black. Moreover, neighborhoods with fire-resistant buildings and structures are indicated in orange, and neighborhoods with non-fire-resistant structures and improved dirt roads - yellow.

The unified system of symbols for maps and site plans is based on the following provisions:

• Each graphic sign always corresponds to a specific type or phenomenon.
• Each sign has its own clear pattern.
• If the map and plan differ in scale, objects will not differ in their designation. The only difference will be in their sizes.
• Drawings of real terrain objects usually indicate an associative connection with it, and therefore reproduce the profile or appearance of these objects.

To establish an associative connection between a sign and an object, there are 10 types of composition formation:

Sooner or later, along the way you will need to get landmarks and understand the local geography. Geographic layouts will help determine the direction of movement and approximate geolocation. To do this, you need to correctly read the symbols on the site plan. They were created to facilitate understanding and detailed transfer of all guidelines onto paper.

For example, during orienteering, the maps issued contain a meager supply of notes, but it is still possible to determine the location from them. Labels exist on all types of maps, and are basic logical elements designed to display information and its subsequent interpretation. But what exactly do they depict and how to read them correctly – we will talk about this in today’s article.

Symbols on the site plan

The first problem that everyone who has ever drawn a geographical model has encountered is how to mark complex logical elements (for example, a tree)? It takes a long time to draw each detail individually, and you can use a special symbol or a pre-agreed image. This is the principle by which the symbols on the site plan work (Figure 1).

A list of pre-specified images is created that are used to mark certain types of landscape and its features. This makes it easier to work with the map and gives a more complete picture of what is happening. This approach is used in all cards, and all symbols look approximately the same.

How to convert a familiar object into a symbolic image? Take advantage standard table symbols for marking locations. If you don’t find the one you need, then create a symbol yourself. Draw outlines that would best reflect the essence of the object, then label it in the legend and place it in a suitable place. Placement plays a role and should be done according to rules.

The symbol should be located at a scalable distance from the three closest familiar points. For example, you know exactly the distance from a pine tree, a rotten oak stump and an old hut to a lake where crayfish live. Indicate the coordinates of each of the landmarks, and then draw a straight line from them to the location of the reservoir. Then, at the resulting intersection, place the icon of the lake. A similar action can be done with mountains, hills and rivers, substituting them in place of any of the variables. Symbols on the site plan do not require the strictest reliability. Although the triangulation method provides high accuracy, there are other methods. One of them is applying markers on a whim.

Figure 1. This is what site plans look like

This approach provides an approximate initial orientation, but does not pretend to be accurate. Often, in geography lessons, primary school teachers ask their students to draw symbols on a site plan; 3rd grade is the period of learning basic knowledge about markings, and develops spatial thinking.

What symbols are there on the terrain plan?

There are several types of basic markings that are standard for all types of maps. This makes it easier to create a drawing within the framework of already generally accepted standards. Reading them will not be difficult, because... they were all designed to be easily recognizable. In some types of maps, the location plan symbols in the drawings may have a different color or outline (Figure 2).

The following qualities can be located next to the marks: height, depth (for crevices and ponds), width. In the case of reservoirs, it is indicated separately whether they dry up and what kind of fish live in them. For forested areas, dangerous animals or a common type of game may be indicated.

Geographical designations on the locality plan of settlements are entered along with the number of inhabitants in them, and the size of the name directly correlates with the population. However, it is worth considering that data regarding villages and the number of their inhabitants quickly becomes outdated. Designations on the terrain plan of a geographic map have special requirements for signs. When creating a layout with large scales, a scale point is used in the center of the picture (symbol or circle). Its purpose is to indicate exact location a certain object.

Figure 2. Basic symbols

Understanding the symbols of the area plan makes the world around us easier and more understandable. Both general markers are used to indicate the commonality of objects (forest, thicket, embankment) and single ones (booth, factory, gas station). Below are the details of the area plan - signs, designations of objects and their subsequent interpretation.

Designation of the park on the site plan

This includes all types of public parks, squares, and plantings. This is a complex sign, and usually marks the collection of certain features of the landscape (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Designation of the park on the plan

The designation of the park on the site plan can be done in one of the following ways:

1. A monolithic fill of a certain color (usually light green) with defined boundaries. The name of the park will be printed in the central part of the figure. Applicable at any scale.
2. A miniature of the park, which reflects its internal structure - paths, arrangement of plantings, exits. Used on large-scale, approximate maps.

Designation of the road on the site plan

Highways, highways, paths, paved roads and everything connected with them. Shown in true scale. Marks forks and crossings (Figure 4).

Road designation on the site plan:

1. Roads of minor importance are painted with straight dotted or dull gray paint.
2. Paths of average significance are plotted solid.
3. Roads of high importance (highways, highways) are drawn in bold solid color with two parallel black borders.

Figure 4. Conventional signs for marking roads

Importance is a relative value, and on a small scale, route roads can be noted as thick, while branches from them are small as continuous. The layout of roads must correspond to their actual position, length and shape on an appropriate scale.

Identification of the stadium on the site plan

Amateur, professional sports facility, racetrack and stone forum. All this falls under the definition of a stadium (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Stadiums are usually marked only on specific plans.

Designation of the stadium on the site plan:

1. If this is a sports football arena, then the outer circle is drawn as a building, and inner part plantings are green.
2. An amateur football field or training field is painted solid green, with an optional outline of the markings on the field.
3. On a medium-scale map, it is allowed to depict the stadium as a miniature while maintaining its proportions.
4. A name is added to any sign.

Designation of the well on the site plan

Wells are of the following types: deep, natural, technical and clogged. The contents of the area plan, signs for identifying objects and their interpretation include sources of drinking water. Each of them is provided with a note about functionality and the depth of liquid (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Symbols for designating wells and other water bodies

Designation of the well on the site plan:

1. On large-scale maps there is a circle with a dot in the middle and the letter “K” next to it. The point defines the exact location.
2. On smaller ones there is a miniature similar to a real well.
3. If the well is equipped with a wind engine, a stick rises from the circle, at the end of which there is a star-shaped symbol.
4. Lined with concrete, and equipped with a lifting engine, they are marked as a circle inside a square.

Identification of the swamp on the site plan

Swamps, creeks, and sticky places also fall into this category. In some plans of the area, signs indicating objects of marshy nature are characterized by inaccurate miniatures (Figure 7).

Swamps are divided according to their level of passability, which is reflected in the method of their application.

The designation of the swamp on the site plan will look like one of the following images:

1. A passable swamp during the warm season. The main vegetation consists of reeds and moss. Depth - less than half a meter. Depicted as a canvas of parallel segments of blue color with a wide space.
2. Difficult swamp. Depth ranging from half a meter to a meter. Appearance: a canvas of parallel stripes with an average indentation.
3. Impenetrable swamps. Depth from one meter to five. They are depicted as continuous parallel stripes, with partings from islands of vegetation/soil/roots.

Figure 7. Symbols of swamps

Designation of an anthill on the site plan

An anthill is a good natural landmark. Its designation on the terrain plan, symbols and marks are not typical for large maps. The northern part of the anthill will always be insulated, while the sunnier southern part will be light and filled with passages. An anthill adjacent to any natural fence will always point south.

Designation of the anthill on the site plan:

1. On larger maps it is marked with a cross or a brown oval with a scale dot. As, for example, in sports orienteering. In the legend it is marked with a number and a text name.
2. On small drawings, it is allowed to depict a brown circle or sign a specific point.
3. In schematic drawings, local areas can be indicated as miniatures.

Symbol of the house on the site plan

Warehouse, shopping center, administration, high-rise building, a private house and even a barn - all buildings are depicted as an area separated from the rest of the background by color and contours. The palette ranges from light orange to gray, depending on the purpose of the building. New buildings, for example, are painted light red (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Signs to indicate houses and other buildings on the plan

Symbol of the house on the site plan:

1. Symbolic. A miniature similar to a building or house, with a subject point.
2. In Soviet drawings for a residential building, a light red rectangle was used.
3. Now depicted as a gray or yellow rectangle with the name of a notable object and its address.

Designation of the dam on the site plan

Underwater and surface. Passable, non-passable, as well as material according to the first letters: Stone, CONCRETE, Reinforced Concrete, Wooden, EARTH. The length and width in meters are also marked. The mark of the upper water level is in the numerators of the fraction, the lower one is in the denominator.

Designation of the dam on the site plan:

1. Two parallel lines. Where one solid one with notches shows the location of the main supporting soil part, and the dotted one shows the location of the water part.
2. With curved ends that go to the shore - roadways.
3. Without ends and on the water area - underwater, with indications of the upper and lower water levels.

Designation of the railway on the site plan

Large highways, medium and small. Also forks, stations and directions of travel. Optional indication of train travel time intervals (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Conventional signs for designating railways

Designation railway on the terrain plan:

1. A thick strip with perpendicular lines crossing it for local small-scale drawings.
2. A thin strip with two edges with segments crossing it perpendicularly for medium scales.
3. The number of stripes indicates the number of tracks and directions of movement. For example, a solid black line with two stripes perpendicular to it is a double track.

Designations of trees on the site plan

Deciduous and coniferous forests are plotted indicating their average height in the forest. The cut ones are not shown or the area is marked with dots. The approaches to the forest are depicted as a line with triangles leading into the forest (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Using such signs you can mark trees on the plan

Symbols of trees on the site plan:

1. A solid color fill with a small number of trees of a certain type - a sparse, sparse forest.
2. Solid fill with frequent patterns - dense forest. Like