Stylized buildings. Styles of modern architecture

Student: I.M. Golentsev

Group: St-110702

Teacher: Nikitina N.P.

Yekaterinburg 2012

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… ... 3

Styles modern architecture……………………………………………………………………….4

Projects and buildings

Daniel Libeskind …… ... ……………………………………………………… 8

Conclusion ……………………… ... …………………………………………… .10

Used literature …………………………………………………………………… ..11

Introduction.

Architecture is the organization of the human environment, starting with the design of cities, issues of organizing the urban environment, landscape architecture and ending with the design of furniture and interior decoration of buildings.

As you know, architecture, along with the quality and manufacture of tools, painting and plastic, is the oldest of human skills. It is very interesting and entertaining, but no less difficult. It is believed that the beginnings of architecture as an art originated in the period of primitive society. And it seems to me that this is exactly so! After all, if you remember the rock paintings, something similar to the sculptures of that time. It was in the Neolithic era that people began to build the first dwellings using natural materials.

Until the middle of the 12th century, being in a synthesis with painting, sculpture, decorative arts and occupying a dominant position among them, architecture determined the style, and its development proceeded from the "style of the era". The "style of the era" (Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance) arises mainly in those historical periods when the perception of works of art is comparatively inflexible, when it is still easily adaptable to changes in style.

So what is style? We often talk about lifestyle, music styles, speech style and communication style. What is architectural style? Style is a collection of enduring art forms. Style is a derivative of the era. How many eras - so many styles. Great styles in architecture, such as Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Empire (a variation of late Classicism), are usually recognized as equal and equal. In fact, great styles cover now a large, now a smaller area of \u200b\u200bculture, now they are limited to individual arts, now they subjugate all the arts or even all the main aspects of culture - they are reflected in science, theology, and everyday life. They can be determined by a wider, now a less wide social environment, now a more significant, now a less significant ideology. At the same time, none of the great styles completely determined the cultural face of the era and the country.

Ancient Greek architecture was distinguished by the complete correspondence of forms and their constructive basis, which constituted a single whole. The main structure is stone blocks from which the walls were laid. The columns, the entablature (the overlap lying on the column support) were processed with various profiles, acquired decorative details, and enriched with sculpture.

As a field of art, architecture took shape in the cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and as an art of authorship it took shape by the 5th century. BC. in ancient Greece. Greece, primarily in the art of architecture and sculpture, laid the foundations for the future European culture of rationality and, in particular, rational artistic thinking, which in turn became the basis of Classicism in art. This is main reason the fact that European Classicism of the XVI, XVII, XVIII and XIX centuries. always relied on ancient art not because of a simple imitation of some arbitrarily chosen ideal, but because of the rationality and constructiveness of artistic thinking. The strength of this tradition was so great that even other trends, trends and styles, such as Baroque, Romanticism, Biedermeier, Constructivism, were somehow connected with these principles.

I would like to pay more attention to the bright style that has left a tangible mark in the history of mankind - the baroque. Intricate expressiveness and external showiness ensured the Baroque supremacy over other styles of European culture for more than a century - from the end of the 16th century. until the middle of the 18th century. This style is characterized by luxury, splendor, decorativeness, striving for greatness and splendor, that is, everything that makes a strong impression on a person amazes his imagination. Unfortunately, now almost no one is building in the Baroque style.

Styles of modern architecture.

Since the days when people learned to build dwellings, the erected buildings have become a reflection of their time. Not an exception - and modern architecture, through which you can feel the essence of the current era, the existing ideas about beauty, aesthetics, practicality. Modern architecture was influenced by the architectural styles that prevailed in the twentieth century. Style in architecture is understood as certain characteristics, common features of buildings inherent in a certain period of time. In different countries, the modern style of architecture is called differently - modern in Russia and England, secession in Austria, art nouveau in Germany, art nouveau in France, etc.

Modern.

As an independent architectural style modern formed in 1890-1910. Modern does not have a clear focus, incorporating the features of all previous styles. At the same time, it is a protest against the imitation of historical buildings, something new and modern. In modernism, new materials were first used - metal (steel), concrete, glass, later - plastic, supplemented by the use of traditional materials - wood and stone. This made it possible to give the architectural structures arbitrary and unusual, even fantastic shapes. The architectural forms of Art Nouveau are asymmetrical, the buildings are voluminous, there are no straight lines, but decorative elements are abundant, sometimes even unnecessary. The facades of the buildings were decorated with arbitrary designs of various shapes. The Art Nouveau buildings are beautiful but functional at the same time.

In the era of modernism, the construction of multi-storey buildings became widespread. With the development of Art Nouveau, several directions were identified in it, but some define them as separate styles in architecture. This is neo-romanticism with the revival of the traditions of the Romanesque style, Gothic, Renaissance, neoclassicism, rationalism with simple forms, its opposite is irrationalism, brick style, coupled with the rejection of plaster, Northern Art Nouveau (aka national romanticism, which developed in the Scandinavian countries). The most prominent representatives of modernity are Otto Wagner, Victor Orta, Peter Behrens, Hendrik Berlage, Andrey Belogrud, Leon Bogussky, etc.

Constructivism.

In the 1920s, a new style appeared in architecture - constructivism , which is considered a new direction of proletarian art, embodied in architectural forms. The main idea of \u200b\u200bconstructivism is that art should serve production. This is how the art of manufacturing came into being. The main materials are concrete and reinforced concrete. Constructivist architects designed not only industrial buildings, but also residential buildings, clubs, houses of culture. Within the framework of late constructivism, a functional method arose, in accordance with which a scientific analysis of the functional purpose of buildings was carried out, and practical tasks were combined with artistic ones. Leading architects of constructivism are Leonid, Victor, Alexander Vesnin, Moisei Ginzburg.

Minimalism.

The architectural style began to develop in the late 1940s minimalism , whose motto is “nothing more”. It became most widespread in the 1960s. In buildings of this style, there are practically no decorative elements, decorations and other "excesses". The search for ideal proportions, new color combinations begins. The interior is dominated by steel and other metals, curved shapes. At the same time, a lot of attention is paid to functionality.

High tech.

In the late 1970s, style replaced high tech firmly entrenched in modern architecture. This is the style of high technology that accompanies the life of a modern person. His motto: "Home is a car for living." Ascetic design with large monolithic forms, the widespread use of metal and glass, ultra-modern structures and materials - this is the high-tech style. The idealization of modern technologies, the search for solutions to the problems of combining energy and resources are inextricably linked with the close entry of technologies into human life. Highlight three main trends within the high-tech style - industrial, geometric and bionic high-tech. Industrial high-tech buildings - the so-called "stacks", characterized by the removal of communication elements on the facade of the building (stairs, elevators). Geometric high-tech is associated with a complex frame system using the latest structural elements (for example, air-supported and air-supported structures). Bionic high-tech is the use of forms of living nature in architecture. Membrane floors, suspended structures, flexible threads have become building elements. High-tech perspectives - energy generating buildings, mobile structures, new workspace organization

person.

Deconstructivism.

In the 1980s, in contrast to Soviet constructivism, a new style appeared in architecture - deconstructivism - a direction in modern architecture based on the application of the ideas of the French philosopher Jacques Derrida in construction practice. Deconstructivist projects are characterized by visual complexity, unexpected broken and deliberately destructive forms, as well as a markedly aggressive invasion of the urban environment.

The main representatives are Jacques Derrid, Peter Eisenman, Daniel Libeskind.

Techno.

In the 1990s, a new direction in architecture emerged - techno a style that is sometimes considered high-tech direction. The techno style is characterized by a grotesque image of ubiquitous technologism. The buildings are transparent, glass walls are bent along a complex curve, and the elements of communications are carried out behind the wall - pipes serve as a kind of decor element. The techno-style interior is more reminiscent of factory halls, warehouses, hangars, rather than living quarters. Cabinets are like safes and industrial containers, shapeless chairs are like accidentally left bags, furniture legs are like tripods. The walls have a rough texture, the main colors of the furniture are gray, black, khaki, burgundy, materials are glass, metal, plastic. Perforated and corrugated metal sheets are commonly used. Techno style is a challenge to traditional comfort and harmony.

Another newfangled trend in architecture and interior design is called kitsch (translated from German - cheap, bad taste). This is a bright, flashy style, pseudo-historical architecture, inept imitation, a kind of parody of existing styles... Its main goal is the desire to stand out, to show its originality. The fashion for kitsch comes when old styles become boring, and a replacement for them has not yet been formed.

To the group of "modern", we classify styles that correspond to the spirit of our time, and are based on the principles of modern housing architecture: creating a functional, comfortable, environmentally friendly, practical, technological and accessible environment for humans, and which naturally develop in line with international architecture ...
World-class architects and design studios support and develop the ideas of modernity, and strive to use scientific advances in the development of new types and images of residential buildings, acting in a common international canvas.
Designers need to be able to use the accumulated international experience in this area, while maintaining the essence and individuality of their project.

MINIMALISM - Minimum funds - maximum effect. This definition, in our opinion, reflects the essence of minimalism. This is more than just a style, it is a whole era formed from the directions of the twentieth century, such as: constructivism, functionalism, rationalism, modernism, etc. To one degree or another, this style is associated with almost any element of design and architecture. modern world... Whether it's a pin or an airport building.

Private houses in the style of minimalism, in their pure form, are still a rare phenomenon in Russia, unfortunately. At the same time, such houses do not always harmoniously fit into environment... This is due to the fact that in pursuit of the effect, the customer shifts priorities. A typical mistake occurs when a wrapper - a consequence of a successful project, spied on in a magazine or at a resort, becomes the core of a new concept, not meeting its main objectives. And everyone new project Is an organism that lives in its own environment. Therefore, some of these houses look like supermarkets or boutiques among cottage buildings. From the outside, this is perceived as strange, and customers who see such examples prefer much more dubious styles. But if you avoid such mistakes and approach the design issue correctly, then a house in minimalism can never get bored and will always only grow in price.

Some customers believe that such houses are uncomfortable - this is a common myth. In terms of the set of means of expression, minimalism has the broadest possibilities, and the range of architectural images in minimalism is much wider than in most other styles. It is incorrect to protest against this trend, since it has long been a part of the modern world and is inextricably linked with other modern styles, being the basis for many of them.

CHALET - it is believed that the chalet style originated in the province of Savoy, in the southeastern part of France, among the Alps. Since that time, the style has retained its main distinctive features: a high stone base, in case of snow drifts, massive log walls, sloping roofs with a large overhang, terraces, balconies, fireplaces, etc.
Gaining popularity, this brutal style began to acquire more subtle features: the walls were plastered and painted, and wooden elements were decorated with skillful carving.

The image of a chalet-style house is designed to create an atmosphere of suburban relaxation and unity with nature. That is why, at present, in many resorts, this style is in great demand, which, of course, influenced its development in Russia.

Common philosophy " country house"Share such styles as" country "," Provence "," Bavarian style ", etc. They have individual differences between themselves, which we will not dwell on.
Despite the ethno-historical origin of the "chalet" style, we class it as a group modern styles, since nowadays, it is increasingly used in cottage construction, entering into a synthesis with minimalism, which sometimes turns out to be very successful.
Examples of such a synthesis in history are such outstanding objects of organic architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright as Prairie Houses, House Above the Falls, etc. These houses, built over a century ago in America, became prototypes modern houses, which, practically unchanged, are actively being built to this day in many elite villages of the Moscow region. And although this can be called copying, and changes are necessary, if only because the Russian climate makes its own requirements for architecture, this fact, of course, testifies to the fact that high-quality architecture does not go out of fashion and lives out of time. Over the centuries, such architecture is only gaining value.

Recommendation:
If you decide that the look of your house should correspond to the chalet philosophy, then you should not neglect the solutions inherent in other modern styles - with the right approach, they blend perfectly with each other, as evidenced by the rich world experience.

SCANDINAVIAN STYLE (FINNISH) - with an increase in the pace of construction wooden houses in Russia, the population's interest in the experience of wooden housing construction, accumulated by our neighbors from the Scandinavian countries: Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Norway, has grown significantly. The similar climate and territorial proximity of these states to the borders of Russia served as a good reason for cooperation in this direction.

The Scandinavian style is characterized by refined architectural and technical solutions that have stood the test of time and managed to positively recommend themselves in our country. The image of a Scandinavian-style residential building is a squat silhouette (usually one floor with an attic), large terraces, lack of unnecessary details, natural materials, mainly wood. The principle of this architecture is a home for life, where naturalness, practicality and comfort are a priority, which is effectively emphasized by the brevity of the means used.
The Scandinavian style, like the chalet style, is based on the philosophy of country life and, as the name suggests, is of ethnic origin. The popularity and relevance of the Scandinavian style today far beyond the borders of their homeland has given it an international character. Focusing on this, we place it in the "modern styles" section, as well as the "chalet" style, relegating their belonging to the group of "ethnic" styles as well.

Comment:
Based on the principles of modern architecture, scandinavian style has a wide range of proven and functional solutions and great potential for its application in Russia.

FAKHVERK - (German fach-panel, werk-structure) this style appeared in Germany in the 15th century, and became widespread in Europe. Its characteristic feature is the open wooden frame of the house, consisting of the intersection of beams with uprights and diagonal braces. The space between them was filled with construction waste and plastered. Wealthy customers often filled it with carved wood panels, which was especially common in the early 17th century.
Half-timbered houses today are on the wave of popularity in Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and other European countries.

Modern ideas of open space organically fit into the traditional look of this style. It appeared panoramic glazing, revealing the constructive part and bringing the image of the house closer to high-tech, neo-modernism and other modern trends.

Comment:
A large amount of glazing, typical for houses in the fachwer style, has some known disadvantages in relation to residential buildings under construction in the Moscow region and Central Russia. Nevertheless, if panoramic views from the windows are the main value of the home construction site, then this style can be indispensable.

HI-TECH AND BIO-TEK - As the name implies, both of these styles are associated with scientific and technological progress, both styles indicate a new approach to architecture, which consists in the active use of the latest technologies. But at the same time, the main meaning of these styles is diametrically opposite to each other.
And they are separated by two fundamental definitions in art "contrast" and "nuance". Hi-tech is a very effective style, which even its opponents agree with, and this effect is built on the contrast of the object with nature and organic forms. As a rule, hi-tech is characterized by an industrial and engineering spirit, an abundance of glass and stainless steel, futuristic shapes and reflections on surfaces.

Against the backdrop of green slopes, mowed lawns and dawn on the horizon, high-tech houses impress with expressive images of the future, so different from what we are used to seeing around.
In contrast to the technogenic and urban world of the XXI century, a new style has appeared - “bio-tech”, built on the definition of “nuance”. His task was not to contrast with nature and the living world, but to flow into it, to be its continuation.

At the same time, bio-tech is able to take on no less futuristic look than hi-tech, and we still put these styles side by side, since they are very similar in some way, and they are both one of the most ambitious brothers in the family of modern styles.

Recommendation:
Do not think that these styles are only suitable for Europe or the concept of houses of the future. Having correctly grasped the essence of these directions, there is every chance of creating a successful project using them. The project of "tomorrow", which can be implemented in Russia today. The result of the synthesis of these styles both among themselves and with other architectural trends can be very interesting.

MODERNISM - (Latin modernus - modern) Modernism covers the activities of the pioneers of modern architecture and existed from the 1930s to the 1970s. The principles of modernism came to Russia from Western civilization and consisted of a radically new approach to architecture, a break with established and traditional styles, the desire for schematization and abstractionism. Until now, "modernism" is synonymous with the expression "modern architecture".
Being the basis of the currently existing modern styles, modernism today is more familiar to us in the form of modifications, such as "postmodernism" and "neo-modernism", which influenced the architecture of private suburban housing.
Postmodernism, appearing in the second half of the 20th century, combined modern architecture and images of the past in play and theatrical form, creating room for imagination.
In the 80s, postmodernism was replaced by neo-modernism. He was characterized by expressiveness
geometric shapes and spatial solutions, against the background of other contemporary styles.
The difference between the "new modernism" and its original purpose was a different attitude to the environment.

The expressiveness of the architectural techniques of neo-modernism, is called upon to dialogue with nature and neighboring buildings.

Scandinavian architectural style - style, which is native to the Nordic countries: Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland,. This style reflects the peculiarities of the lifestyle and character of the northern peoples and is distinguished by simplicity of forms, functionality of details and laconic compositions.

Loft - architectural styleusing converted to create residential or office space attic spaces abandoned factories, factories, warehouses and other buildings of industrial zones. The style name comes from english word "Loft", which means "attic" in Russian.

Is a post-Victorian architectural style that appeared in the United States at the end of the 19th century and reached its peak in the early 20th century. Main hallmark buildings made in this style are square in both the base and the facades. The American Foursquare is characterized by simplicity of design, straight lines and symmetry.

- an architectural style that originated in Norway and Sweden in the XI century and reached its peak in the 30s of the XX century. A characteristic feature of buildings made in this style is their maximum harmony with the surrounding landscape and the creation of a real architectural masterpiece in a rather harsh climate. The main qualities of these buildings are reliability and solidity.

- one of the most laconic and comfortable trends in architecture, distinguished by sophistication and at the same time simplicity. This style originated in the middle of the 20th century on the territory of countries located on the coast Mediterranean Sea such as Italy, France, Spain. Egypt, Algeria, Greece, Morocco, Tunisia and others.

Minimalism is one of the most popular styles in architecture today. Vivid examples of this style appeared already in the 20-30s of the XX century. This style is characterized by naturalness and simplicity, the absence of decorative elements and any decorations, high functionality of each structural element.

Finnish style - an architectural style characterized by asceticism and functionality of buildings, laconic forms, restrained color schemes, almost complete absence of decorative elements and the use natural materials... The Finnish style is also known as Scandinavian. It brings together the diversity of traditions of the northern peoples of Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Iceland and stood out as an independent style only in the 19th century.